{"id":440,"date":"2007-05-02T09:12:31","date_gmt":"2007-05-02T14:12:31","guid":{"rendered":"\/?p=440"},"modified":"2007-10-10T09:56:10","modified_gmt":"2007-10-10T14:56:10","slug":"thin-soup-and-a-thin-story","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/archives\/2007\/05\/thin-soup-and-a-thin-story\/","title":{"rendered":"Thin Soup and a Thin Story Suland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00c7orba ve Suland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir Hik\u00e2ye<\/lang_tk>\u0424\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u041e2 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/lang_bg>"},"content":{"rendered":"
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A firm called planktos.com<\/a> is getting a lot of airplay<\/a> for their bid to create a carbon offset product based on fertilizing the ocean. In certain parts of the ocean, surface waters already contain most of the ingredients for a plankton bloom; all they lack is trace amounts of iron. For each 1 atom of iron added in such a place, phytoplankton take up 50,000 atoms of carbon. What could be better?
\n
\nPhytoplankton biomass does not last forever, any more than tree biomass does. The trick therefore is to get the carbon to sink out of the surface ocean into the depths, generally in the forms of snot and poop. Once it reaches a depth of a kilometer or so, it can decompose to CO2<\/sub> again but the water will be isolated from the atmosphere for decades, maybe centuries. <\/p>\n

There have been iron fertilization experiments of the ocean before, many of them, in the equatorial Pacific, the Southern Ocean, and the North Pacific. These are places where the ocean chemistry is right for iron fertilization, that is, where there is available nitrogen as nitrate or ammonia, and phosphorus. The experiments uniformly find that phytoplankton growth is stimulated by iron. But most studies have not found an increase in the rate of organic carbon sinking into deeper waters. <\/p>\n

If could be, however, that a sustained fertilization will allow the snivelers and the poopers time to get their acts in gear and start exporting carbon more efficiently. This was the conclusion of a recent analysis of natural iron fertilization by the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean (Blain et al, 2007). Previous iron fertilization experiments were generally single-pulse additions of iron dissolved in acid. The iron lasted a few days before sinking out on particles or mixing down. If iron were released into the ocean in the form of floating time-dissolving pellets, the steady stream of iron would probably be a more effective fertilizer than the single dumps were. <\/p>\n

Once the CO2<\/sub> concentration of the upper ocean is depleted by growth and sinking of phytoplankton, the timescale for gas exchange with the atmosphere is about a year for a one-hundred meter ocean mixed layer, typical of the tropics. Tropical surface waters, one could argue, will still be at the surface a year from now, so there is plenty of time for them to replenish their CO2<\/sub> concentration by sucking it out of the atmosphere. <\/p>\n

The problem with the tropics is that if tropical surface waters are destined to remain at the surface for a while, they are also probably destined to ultimately scrounge the iron they need, to use the available nitrogen and phosphorus. The water might duck into the thermocline for a few decades, but it will ultimately resurface and be subject again to photosynthetic plankton and iron fertilization from falling dust. Marinov et al (2006) showed that a stimulation of phytoplankton production in one part of the ocean usually acts to depress production elsewhere. So what\u2019s the point of paying for a carbon offset to fertilize a water parcel now, when nature would fertilize it soon anyway? That\u2019s against the rules of offsets; it has to be something that wouldn\u2019t happen anyway. <\/p>\n

The one part of the ocean where fertilization of the ocean does not depress the fertility elsewhere is the deep Southern Ocean. Here the water sinks to the abyss, rather than taking a leisurely tour through the upper ocean. But now the practical picture looks different. Instead of the benign tropics, you have sea ice, waters mixed to hundreds of meters down (bad for phytoplankton) and total darkness for much of the year. Fertilize that! <\/p>\n

Modelers have long ago concluded that iron fertilization of the ocean can play only a small role in managing the carbon cycle in the coming century. Part of the issue is that the Southern Ocean also covers only a very small area of the surface ocean, just a few percent. Model experiments where the Southern Ocean is completely fertilized show a drawdown of maybe 15 ppm by the year 2100 [Zeebe and Archer, 2005]. We could change a light bulb and do better than that. <\/p>\n

Perhaps however the total potential drawdown from ocean sequestration is the wrong question to ask. The total rate of biological export production in the ocean is probably of the order of 15 Gton C \/ year, and the fertilization enhancement could be at most maybe 1 Gton C \/ year. That can\u2019t slay the 7 Gton C \/ year fossil fuel CO2<\/sub> dragon all by itself, but could it help? Nowadays we\u2019ve given up the idealistic search for a single solution, and we\u2019re building the future out of wedges [Pacala and Socolow, 2004], or what the more dignified IPCC Working Group III calls a \u201cportfolio of solutions\u201d. Would carbon offsets by fertilizing the ocean be at least realistic? <\/p>\n

The tropics I think would be fraud as a basis for carbon offsets because the fertilization would have happened anyway, eventually, naturally. I guess I could imagine the concept working as advertised in the deep Southern Ocean. Not so easy to fertilize down there, but if you manage to fertilize it, you will accomplish something that wouldn\u2019t have happened anyway. <\/p>\n

But the change in carbon chemistry of the ocean and ultimately the atmosphere need to be transparently documented, also, if we are to trade carbon offsets based on iron fertilization. Documenting a change in carbon content of surface waters might be possible in the tropics, but it would be a nightmare in the Southern Ocean, probably impossible to do reliably. Ocean chemistry data is generally cleaner than land data, less susceptible to local variability. In tranquil, well-behaved parts of the ocean like near the Galapagos, it would be probably easier to document changes in the carbon content of the upper ocean than it would be on land. On the other hand, the ocean moves around a lot more than the land does, in general. The Southern Ocean, in particular, is a maelstrom. Tracking a plume of fertilized water to measure the change in carbon content would be a mite trickier. <\/p>\n

Southern Ocean surface water also has a harder time changing the CO2<\/sub> concentration of the atmosphere, because it gets mixed into the interior so quickly. Ultimately it would take centuries to bring the atmospheric CO2<\/sub> to a new equilibrium value. You would have to wait until your fertilized water filled up the entire deep ocean. I think the long time scale also means that a ton of carbon removed from Antarctic surface waters does not translate to a ton of carbon removed on some reasonable timescale from the atmosphere. The efficiency is much lower than that, and difficult to document. <\/p>\n

I would put ocean fertilization on the avoid list, along with planting trees. It’s too hard to pin down the actual amount of CO2<\/sub> removed from the atmosphere by your actions. It’s also not a long-term solution, since the ocean leaks. Humankind would have to keep fertilizing the ocean indefinitely in order to preserve the claimed CO2<\/sub> drawdown. If you\u2019re concerned about climate change, build a windmill. Ocean fertilization does not seem to me suitable to be the basis for a reliable financial commodity, or a practical tool for geo-engineering climate. <\/p>\n

David Archer<\/a><\/p>\n

Blain, S. Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean. Nature, doi:10.1038\/nature05700, 2007.
\nMarinov, I. The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide. Nature, doi:10.1038\/nature04883, 2006.
\nPacala, S. and S. Socolow, Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies. Science 305: 968-972, 2004.
\nZeebe, R. and D. Archer, Feasibility of ocean fertilization and its impact on future atmospheric CO2<\/sub> levels. Geophys. Res. Letters, doi:10.1029\/2005GL022449, 2005. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ingilizce\u2019den \u00e7eviren Figen Mekik<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n

Planktos.com<\/a> adl\u0131 bir firman\u0131n, okyanuslar\u0131 g\u00fcbreleme yoluyla karbon bedelinin hafifletilmesini sa\u011flayacak bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ok ilgi<\/a> g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Okyanusun baz\u0131 yerlerinde, planktonlar\u0131n yeti\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gerekli t\u00fcm malzeme zaten mevcut; eksik olan tek \u015fey eser miktarda demir. Kulland\u0131klar\u0131 her bir atom demire kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, bitkimsi plankton 50,000 atom karbon israf ediyor. Atmosferden karbon emmek i\u00e7in bundan daha g\u00fczel bir y\u00f6ntem olabilir mi?<\/p>\n

Ancak, a\u011fa\u00e7 biokitlesi gibi, bitkisel plankton biokitlesinin de \u00f6mr\u00fc sonsuz de\u011fil. O zaman maarifet, karbonun denizin y\u00fczeyinden derinlere do\u011fru \u00e7\u00f6kelmesini sa\u011flamak, genellikle s\u00fcm\u00fck ve kaka halinde. Bu malzeme a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 bir kilometre derinli\u011fe indi\u011finde tekrar CO2<\/sub>\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir, ama i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu su kitlesi havak\u00fcreyle onlarca, hatta y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l temas etmeyecektir.<\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nceki y\u0131llarda denizi demirle g\u00fcbreleme deneyleri yap\u0131ld\u0131; \u00e7o\u011fu ekvatoryal Pasifik, G\u00fcney Denizi ve Kuzey Pasifik\u2019te olmak \u00fczere. Bu b\u00f6lgelerde denizin kimyas\u0131 demir ile g\u00fcbrelenmeye uygun; yani buralarda bol miktarda azot (nitrat ve amonyak halinde) ve fosfor var. Bu deneylerin hepsinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fey \u015fu ki bitkisel plankton yeti\u015fmesi demir eklenmesi ile kam\u00e7\u0131lan\u0131yor. Ancak pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada bu yolla g\u00fcbrelenen y\u00fczey sular\u0131ndan derin denize giden karbonda bir art\u0131\u015f maalesef g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi. <\/p>\n

Ancak, belki de uzun s\u00fcreli g\u00fcbreleme yap\u0131l\u0131rsa, s\u00fcm\u00fck ve kaka \u00fcreten canl\u0131lar daha fazla \u00fcretime ge\u00e7erek derin denize g\u00f6nderilen karbonu artt\u0131rabilirler. Bu s\u00f6yledi\u011fim G\u00fcney Denizinin Kerguelen Plato\u2019sunda yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonucuydu (Blain ve di\u011ferleri, 2007). Daha \u00f6nceki demir ile g\u00fcbreleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda denize asit i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00f6zelmi\u015f demir, tek seferli ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Bir ka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra demir ya ba\u015fka par\u00e7ac\u0131klara yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131 veya derin sulara kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama e\u011fer demir yava\u015f\u00e7a \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclen haplar halinde okyanusa at\u0131lsayd\u0131, o zaman uzun s\u00fcreli bir demir \u00e7\u00f6zelmesi olaca\u011f\u0131ndan, deneyler daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olabilirdi.<\/p>\n

Denizin y\u00fczey sular\u0131ndaki CO2<\/sub>, bitkisel planktonun \u00fcreme ve yeti\u015fmesi ile t\u00fcketildikten sonra, suyun havak\u00fcreyle temas\u0131 sonucu tekrar art\u0131yor; bu da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 bir y\u0131l s\u00fcr\u00fcyor tropik denizlerde. Diyebiliriz ki tropik denizlerin y\u00fczey sular\u0131 bir y\u0131l sonra hala y\u00fczeyde olaca\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, CO2<\/sub> depolar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar doldurmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bol bol zaman var nas\u0131l olsa. <\/p>\n

Ama tropiklerde bir sorun var: e\u011fer y\u00fczey sular\u0131n\u0131n kaderi uzun s\u00fcre y\u00fczeyde kalmaksa, o zaman i\u00e7erdikleri demiri kolayca t\u00fcketeceklerdir ki i\u00e7erdikleri azot ve fosforu bitkisel plankton kullanabilsin. Belki baz\u0131 y\u00fczey sular\u0131 termokline batabilir ara s\u0131ra, ama er veya ge\u00e7 tekrar y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p havak\u00fcreden d\u00fc\u015fen tozun i\u00e7erdi\u011fi demir sayesinde fotosentez yapan plankton taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131lacakt\u0131r yine. Marinov ve di\u011ferlerinin (2006) g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi bitkisel planktonun \u00fcremesi okyanusun bir b\u00f6lgesinde h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa, ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerinde azal\u0131yor. O zaman karbon bedelini hafifletece\u011fiz diye bir yerdeki bitkisel planktonun \u00fcretimini artt\u0131rman\u0131n pek bir anlam\u0131 kalm\u0131yor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu zaten kendili\u011finden olacak bir \u015fey. Do\u011fal olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyecek bir \u015feyi yapmal\u0131y\u0131z ki fazla karbonu deniz emebilsin. <\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya okyanusunun tek bir b\u00f6lgesinde bitkisel planktonun art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fka yerlerde azalmas\u0131na sebep olmuyor; oras\u0131 da G\u00fcney Denizinin derinleri. Burada batan su kitleleri taa denizin en derinlerine kadar iniyor, y\u00fczeylerde k\u0131sa bir t\u00fcr atmak yerine. Ama bu sefer ba\u015fka sorunlar var. Hayata elveri\u015fli tropikler yerine, deniz buzu var, y\u00fczlerce metre derinlere kadar bat\u0131p kar\u0131\u015fan sular var (planktona yaramaz) ve senenin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda karanl\u0131k bu b\u00f6lgeler. Hadi kolaysa onu g\u00fcbrele bakal\u0131m!<\/p>\n

Model yapan bilimcilerin \u00e7o\u011funun ortak kan\u0131s\u0131 \u015fu ki denizi g\u00fcbrelemek yoluyla havak\u00fcredeki karbonu azaltma i\u015flemi pek \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7inde etkili bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olamayacak. Sorunun bir ba\u015fka par\u00e7as\u0131 da y\u00fczey sular\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc olarak sadece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir y\u00fczdesi G\u00fcney Denizinde. Model sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re e\u011fer t\u00fcm G\u00fcney Denizini g\u00fcbrelersek, 2100 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar atmosferden sadece 15 ppm karbon emebilece\u011fiz (Zeebe ve Archer, 2005). Evlerimizde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ampulleri daha verimli olanlar\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015ftirerek bundan daha fazla etkimiz olur!<\/p>\n

Ancak, okyanuslar ne kadar karbon emebilir derken belki de yanl\u0131\u015f soruyu soruyoruz. Okyanusun t\u00fcm biyolojik karbon \u00fcretimi y\u0131lda 15 Gton karbon kadar; g\u00fcbreleyerek bu miktar\u0131 belki y\u0131lda 1 Gton art\u0131rabiliriz. Havak\u00fcreye her yil ekledi\u011fimiz 7 Gton karbonu azaltmaya yetmez bu, ama yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir mi? Son zamanlarda tek bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmle b\u00fct\u00fcn sorunun \u00fcstesinden gelme idealizminden vaz ge\u00e7mis vaziyetteyiz. Gelece\u011fi, birbirine eklenen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerle kurtarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz (Pacala ve Socolow, 2004); ya da Uluslararas\u0131 Iklim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi G\u00f6revg\u00fcc\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn 3. Grubunun tabiriyle \u201c\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler portfolyosu\u201d ile. Peki, karbon bedelini azaltmak y\u00f6n\u00fcnde denizleri g\u00fcbrelemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak en az\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir yakla\u015f\u0131m m\u0131?<\/p>\n

Tropikleri g\u00fcbreleyerek okyanusun karbon emisini artt\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak bence biraz sahtekarl\u0131k olur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc burada zaten do\u011fal olarak plankton \u00fcretimi olacak. Reklam\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn belki derin G\u00fcney Denizinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olabilir ama oralar\u0131 g\u00fcbreleyerek y\u00fczey sular\u0131ndaki verimi art\u0131rmak \u00e7ok zor olur. Ancak ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olabilirsek, en az\u0131ndan kendili\u011finden, do\u011fal olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyecek bir \u015feyi yapm\u0131\u015f oluruz. <\/p>\n

Fakat, e\u011fer denizi g\u00fcbrelemek yoluyla karbon bedeline payla\u015facaksak, o zaman havak\u00fcredeki ve denizdeki karbon kimyas\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin hesab\u0131n\u0131 saydaml\u0131kla tutmal\u0131y\u0131z. Bunu belki tropiklerde yapmak kolay olacakt\u0131r, ama G\u00fcney Denizinde yapmak kabus gibi bir \u015fey, ve hatta g\u00fcvenilir bir hesap yapmak orada imkans\u0131z bence. Okyanusun kimyas\u0131yla ilgili genel veriler, karadan gelen verilerden daha sa\u011flam \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc okyanusta yerel de\u011fi\u015fiklikler daha az oluyor. Hatta Galapagos b\u00f6lgesi gibi sakin, uyumlu denizlerde \u00fcst okyanusun karbon kimyas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek, karada ayn\u0131 \u015feyi yapmaktan \u00e7ok daha kolay. Ancak, okyanus sular\u0131 \u00e7ok devinimli; karada bu problem yok. G\u00fcney Denizi \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir girdap gibi. Orada, bir par\u00e7a suyu g\u00fcbreleyip karbon kimyas\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri \u00f6l\u00e7mek \u00e7ok daha zor olacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, G\u00fcney Denizinin y\u00fczey sular\u0131 pek atmosferdeki CO2<\/sub> kimyas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyemiyor \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc batan sular burada \u00e7ok derinlere iniyor. Yani atmosferdeki CO2<\/sub>\u2019yi sabit ve dengeli bir de\u011fere indirmek y\u00fczy\u0131llar s\u00fcrebilir. G\u00fcbrelenmi\u015f suyumuzun t\u00fcm derin okyanusu doldurmas\u0131n\u0131 beklememiz gerekecek. Bence, bu uzun s\u00fcreli devinimin bir di\u011fer sonucu da \u015fu: Antarktik sular\u0131yla atmosferden emilen bir ton karbonun etkisi, ba\u015fka bir yolla daha \u00e7abuk emilen bir ton karbonun etkisine e\u015fit olam\u0131yor. Bu y\u00f6ntemin etkinli\u011fi \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, ve hesab\u0131n\u0131 tutmak \u00e7ok zor.<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ben olsam, denizi g\u00fcbreleme ve daha \u00e7ok a\u011fa\u00e7 dikme yollar\u0131ndan sak\u0131n\u0131r\u0131m. Bu y\u00f6ntemlerle havak\u00fcreden ne kadar CO2<\/sub>\u2019nin eksildi\u011fini hesaplamak \u00e7ok zor. Ayr\u0131ca uzun s\u00fcreli bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fil \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc okyanus ak\u0131\u015fkan ve s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131yor. Insano\u011flu ilelebet denizi g\u00fcbrelemeli ki istenen atmosferden karbon eksiltilmesi ba\u015far\u0131labilsin. Iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi sizi endi\u015felendiriyorsa, yelde\u011firmenleri dikin. Iklimi yoluna koymak i\u00e7in denizi g\u00fcbrelemek ne ekonomik, ne de pratik bir jeom\u00fchendislik yolu de\u011fil gibi geliyor bana.<\/p>\n

David Archer<\/a><\/p>\n

Blain, S. Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean. Nature, doi:10.1038\/nature05700, 2007.
\nMarinov, I. The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide. Nature, doi:10.1038\/nature04883, 2006.
\nPacala, S. and S. Socolow, Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies. Science 305: 968-972, 2004.
\nZeebe, R. and D. Archer, Feasibility of ocean fertilization and its impact on future atmospheric CO2 levels. Geophys. Res. Letters, doi:10.1029\/2005GL022449, 2005.
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\u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0449\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u044a\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u0431\u044a\u0437\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u2018\u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u2019 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e-\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041a\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d (\u042e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d, \u0411\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d \u0438 \u0434\u0440., 2007). \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u044f\u0445\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044a\u0442 \u0431\u0435 \u0447\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e-\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u044a\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u043d \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u0410\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u043e \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u043e \u0431\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u043b \u043f\u043e-\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0444\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. <\/p>\n

\u0412\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044a\u0436 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u041e2 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0436\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u044a\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u0431\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0437 \u0441 \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 100 \u043c. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438, \u0449\u0435 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435 \u0449\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u044f\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u041e2 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430. <\/p>\n

\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044a\u0442 \u0441 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435, \u0447\u0435 \u0442\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u043e, \u043d\u044f\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432 \u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442. \u0422\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e. \u0422\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u044a\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0449\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u043e. <\/p>\n

\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b. (2006) \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0435. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u044a\u0432 \u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044a\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0449\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0449\u0435 \u044f \u0444\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e? \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u044a\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0449\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0449\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u044f\u0431\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0449\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u044f\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u043e-\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d. <\/p>\n

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\n\u0411\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b \u0444\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u201c\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044f\u0433\u0432\u0430\u201d, \u0437\u0430\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u041e2 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0421\u044a\u0449\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u044a\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u201c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0430\u201d. \u0427\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u044f\u0431\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0446 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0437\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u041e2 \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0432\u043e. \u0410\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043e-\u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442. <\/p>\n

\u0414\u0435\u0439\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0410\u0440\u0447\u044a\u0440<\/strong><\/p>\n

Blain, S. Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean. Nature, doi:10.1038\/nature05700, 2007.<\/p>\n

Marinov, I. The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide. Nature, doi:10.1038\/nature04883, 2006.<\/p>\n

Pacala, S. and S. Socolow, Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies. Science 305: 968-972, 2004.<\/p>\n

Zeebe, R. and D. Archer, Feasibility of ocean fertilization and its impact on future atmospheric CO2 levels. Geophys. Res. Letters, doi:10.1029\/2005GL022449, 2005.<\/lang_bg><\/p>\n\n<\/div> ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A firm called planktos.com is getting a lot of airplay for their bid to create a carbon offset product based on fertilizing the ocean. In certain parts of the ocean, surface waters already contain most of the ingredients for a plankton bloom; all they lack is trace amounts of iron. For each 1 atom of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1,29],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-440","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-climate-science","7":"category-geoengineering","8":"entry"},"aioseo_notices":[],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/440","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/41"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=440"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/440\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=440"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=440"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=440"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}