{"id":191,"date":"2005-10-03T13:43:09","date_gmt":"2005-10-03T17:43:09","guid":{"rendered":"\/?p=191"},"modified":"2009-06-03T07:52:24","modified_gmt":"2009-06-03T12:52:24","slug":"saltier-or-not","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/archives\/2005\/10\/saltier-or-not\/","title":{"rendered":"Saltier or not? <lang_fr>Plus sal\u00e9 ou pas ? <\/lang_fr>"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"kcite-section\" kcite-section-id=\"191\">\n<p>In a recent (of Sept. 16, 2005) publication in <em>Science<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nersc.no\/~helge\/Science\">Hatun <em>et al.<\/em><\/a> find that record-high salinities have been observed over the past decade in the region where water from the Atlantic flows into the northern oceans. They combine an analysis of observations with simulations using an ocean model, concluding that the salinity of the inflow to the northern oceans is controlled by ocean dynamics and the circulation in the sub-polar gyre. The observations by Hatun <em>et al.<\/em>  may suggest that at the moment the warm and salty waters from the south are especially warm and salty. <\/p>\n<p>In another publication paper in <em>Science<\/em> from June 17th 2005, on the other hand, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/cgi\/content\/abstract\/308\/5729\/1772\">Curry &#038; Mauritzen<\/a> conclude that as a whole the northern North Atlantic has become significantly fresher (less salty) in  recent decades. The latter study was based entirely on observations (hydrographic data between Labrador and Europe in the past 50 years). The recent evidence for salinification provided by Hatun et al. has been interpreted by some as being inconsistent with the evidence for high-latitude North Atlantic freshening found in previous reports. So what is really happening? Is the salinity increasing or decreasing? And can the two recent <em>Science<\/em> studies be consistent with each other?<br \/>\n<lang_fr><br \/>\n<small>traduit de l\u2019anglais par Claire Rollion-Bard<\/small><br \/>\nDans une publication r\u00e9cente (du 16 Sept. 2005) dans <em>Science<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nersc.no\/~helge\/Science\">Hatun et al.<\/a> ont trouv\u00e9 que de fortes salinit\u00e9s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9es durant la derni\u00e8re d\u00e9cennie dans la r\u00e9gion o\u00f9 l&#8217;eau de l&#8217;Atlantique s&#8217;\u00e9coule dans les oc\u00e9ans du Nord. Ils ont combin\u00e9 une analyse des observations avec des simulations utilisant un mod\u00e8le oc\u00e9anique, concluant que la salinit\u00e9 du courant vers les oc\u00e9ans du Nord est contr\u00f4l\u00e9e par la dynamique oc\u00e9anique et la circulation de l&#8217;enroulement sub-polaire. Les observations de Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> peuvent sugg\u00e9rer que les eaux chaudes et sal\u00e9es venant du sud sont sp\u00e9cialement chaudes et sal\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>Dans une autre publication dans <em>Science<\/em> du 17 juin 2005, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/cgi\/content\/abstract\/308\/5729\/1772\">Curry &#038; Mauritzen<\/a> concluent que, dans l&#8217;ensemble, le nord de l&#8217;Atlantique Nord est devenu significativement plus doux (moins sal\u00e9) au cours des r\u00e9centes d\u00e9cennies. Cette \u00e9tude \u00e9tait bas\u00e9e enti\u00e8rement sur des observations (donn\u00e9es hydrographiques entre le Labrador et l&#8217;Europe dans les derniers 50 ans). L&#8217;\u00e9vidence r\u00e9cente pour une augmentation de la salinit\u00e9 fournie par Hatun et al. a \u00e9t\u00e9 interpr\u00e9t\u00e9e par certains comme \u00e9tant inconsistante avec l&#8217;\u00e9vidence de l&#8217;Atlantique Nord des hautes latitudes moins sal\u00e9 trouv\u00e9 dans les pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes publications. Que se passe-t&#8217;il donc r\u00e9ellement ? Est-ce que la salinit\u00e9 augmente ou baisse ? Et est-ce que les deux r\u00e9centes \u00e9tudes dans <em>Science<\/em> peuvent \u00eatre compatibles l&#8217;une avec l&#8217;autre ? <\/lang_fr><br \/>\n<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Northern Europe experiences a mild climate relative to other regions of the same latitude. For instance, Oslo is at approximately the same latitude as the southern tip of Greenland, but has a substantially more mild climate. Though the atmosphere <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/cgi\/content\/short\/297\/5590\/2202\">plays an important role here too<\/a>, the heat transported by the ocean is a key factor responsible for the mild conditions in many parts of Northern Europe. A component of this transport is tied to a current system where salty surface water near the Arctic loses heat, becomes denser, and thus sinks into the deep ocean. This sinking is believed to be part of a large-scale ocean circulation known as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.grida.no\/climate\/vital\/32.htm\">&#8216;global conveyor belt&#8217;<\/a>, sometimes referred to as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.grida.no\/climate\/ipcc_tar\/wg1\/508.htm\"><em>thermohaline circulation<\/em><\/a> because the circulation is driven by density variations related to variations in temperature and salinity.  <\/p>\n<p>Many of the surface currents of the world oceans (i.e., the ocean &#8216;gyres&#8217; which appear as <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physicalgeography.net\/fundamentals\/8q_1.html\">rotating horizontal current systems<\/a> in the upper ocean) are driven by the wind, however, the sinking in the Arctic is related to the buoyancy forcing (effects that change either the temperature or salinity of the water, and hence its buoyancy).  The sinking is mainly driven by the saltiness of the water, which is affected by evaporation of fresh water from the surface or, particularly in the Arctic, freezing seawater which leaves salt behind in the water beneath the ice. <\/p>\n<p>Theory and modelling suggest that if the sinking of the salty surface waters in the North Atlantic   slowed down or stopped, there would be a reduction in the heat transport by the ocean, which would have implications for the climate of northern Europe. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.grida.no\/climate\/ipcc_tar\/wg1\/357.htm\">Projections <\/a> of potential future climates indicate that this may occur in response to increasing greenhouse gas forcing, though the degree of the change is highly variable from one model simulation to another. <\/p>\n<p>Freshening of the ocean can result from numerous factors&#8211;the melting of ice, freshwater discharge from rivers, or increased precipitation at high latitudes. The salinity levels of the  northern ocean region are also influence by the inflow of warm and salty water from lower latitudes in the Atlantic Ocean. Thus, the salinity of the water is the result of a delicate balance between multiple competing influences.<\/p>\n<p>It is important to keep in mind that different regions of the ocean in the Arctic, often sepearted by sharp fronts, can have different characteristics and that they may undergo different changes. These oceanic regions are often referred to by different names, but we will try to simplify the discussion here by using the term  &#8216;northern oceans&#8217; when  refering to the basin between Greenland, Iceland, and Norway; Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> (2005) use &#8216;Arctic Mediterranean&#8217; whereas Curry &#038; Mauritzen (2005) use the label &#8216;Nordic Seas&#8217;.  <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/northernoceans_marked.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/northernoceans_marked.jpg\" alt=\"Northern oceans ocean basin\"   ALIGN=BOTTOM  WIDTH=499 BORDER=0 src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<em>The northern ocean region.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>There has been increasing evidence over the last 50 years that the waters of the Subpolar and Nordic Seas have indeed become fresher. What Curry &#038; Mauritzen (2005) did was to quantify when, where, how fast, and in what quantities this freshwater entered these seas. It appears from their analysis that the amount of freshwater added in recent decades was  much larger than previously assumed. They also estimated how long it would take before the deep return current in the high latitudes would cease if the freshening continued at more or less the same rate, and arrived at an estimate around 100-200 years. This suggests the possibility that a slowing of the conveyor belt in the forseeable future could be a  real possibility, and not just a theoretical curiosity.<\/p>\n<p>Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> agree that large areas in the northern oceans are freshening. Furthermore,  Curry &#038; Mauritzen state that the salinity was lowest in the mid-1990s and that the seas have become more salty since then. Both also describe an outstanding event in the late 1960s early 1970s where a region of very low salinity was observed (known as &#8220;the Great Salinity Anomaly&#8221; &#8211; GSA).  The GSA can also be seen in Fig. 2 of Hatun <em>et al.<\/em>, and is a well-known feature in Atlantic oceanography. Curry &#038; Mauritzen did find that the freshening trend peaked in the 1990s, an indication that warm and salty water from the south is &#8220;tending to counteract&#8221; the freshening influence. So there is no inconsistency with the Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> paper. <\/p>\n<p>But does that mean that the freshening of the subpolar gyre has ceased? No: The northern oceans are significantly fresher than they were in the 1960s &#8211; the extra 1.8 meter of freshwater in the Nordic Seas has lost 10 cm, and the extra 3 meters of freshwater in the Subpolar Gyre has, in an upper limit, lost 1 meter. The last timeframe in the Sub-polar Gyre was not published in Curry &#038; Mauritzen&#8217;s paper because they had very little data from the western Sub-polar Gyre in that period &#8211; the volume budget would therefore be biased towards the salty eastern atlantic, where the warm, salty subtropical waters reside. The (upper limit) 1 meter estimate is therefore expected to be reduced when more data from the western Sub-polar Gyre enters the database.<\/p>\n<p>The different focus in the two studies may simply be giving descriptions of the same situation, even while some media reports portrayed the more recent paper as proof against the possibility of freshening of the northern oceans. Curry &#038; Mauritzen analysed the salinity throughout the depth of the ocean. They observe an accumulation of fresh water in the entire column of the sub-polar ocean basins, especially at intermediate depths. They also find indications of higher salinities in the region where the Atlantic waters flow into the northern oceans. Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> focus on near-surface salinity, as it is near the surface the ocean circulation is stongest. However, part of their analysis also include observations from a transsect penetrating down to 800m at the Rockall Trough. The analysis of Curry &#038; Mauritzen was based on 3-dimensional gridded oceanic observations whereas that of Hatun et al. focused on three inflow points into the Arctic Ocean.  Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> also used altimeter data (local sea level height measurements from satellite observations) to diagnose the norther oceans gyre circulation. The altimeter data provides a measure of the heat and salt content of the water, but because the water density is a complicated non-linear function of temperature and salinity, it is difficult to invert the measurements to infer the salinity. Nevertheless, the local height profiles give indications of the currents that arise from sea level height differences. <\/p>\n<p>Gridding sparse ocean observations onto a very high (in this case, 1-by-1 degree latitude x longitude) resolution is prone to producing some apparent structures that are simply artifacts of mathematical interpolation, even when isopycnal methods are utilised (this is common for gridding of data). On the other hand, the budgeting of salinity implicit in the ocean model used by Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> may not properly account for river run-off (freshens the water), transport from the Pacific, the Canadian Archipelago, the East Greenland current, or melting processes. The ocean model used by Hatun et al. has a northern latitude limit of 78N, where an artificial boundary is imposed with the salinity, temperatures and velocities all prescribed at that boundary by results from another model. The salt transport at this boundary is not well-known. If the prescribed salt transport is not correct, then the salt budget of the model will not represent reality.<\/p>\n<p>Hatun et al.  examined the possibilities that <strong>[i]<\/strong> a change in rain falling over the ocean (freshens the water) and evaporation (increases the salinity by removing water and leaving salt behind), <strong>[ii]<\/strong> increased salinity in the sub-tropical gyre (in the main part of the North Atlantic), <strong>[iii]<\/strong> increased salinity in the sub-polar gyre, or <strong>[iv]<\/strong> dynamical changes in the relative contributions from the two gyres could explain the high salinities in the in-flow regions. Of these processes, they concluded that it was the latter that was responsible for the high salinity in the region where Atlantic water flows into the northern oceans. This explanation involves a displacement of an oceanic front and hence a change in the circulation structure. Comparisons with observations in these regions show good agreement between the model and the observations. Thus, although their conclusions about the salinity within the inflow region being closely related to the dynamics of the sub-polar gyration circulation, the model may not give a representative account of the total salt content in the entire northern oceans. But their focus was on the increase in salinity in a certain region, not a general decrease, and hence they did not examine as other factors such as river-run off and <a href=\"http:\/\/nsidc.org\/sotc\/sea_ice.html\">melting<\/a>. Finally, the results by Curry &#038; Mauritzen focused on longer time scales for which they had collected ocean observations, while only model results were provided for long-term evolution by Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> Even if the model agreed well with respect to saline anomalies in the inflow region, it has not yet been established whether it provides representative values for the absolute salinity in the entire ocean basin. <\/p>\n<p>Given the uncertainties and caveats implicit these two studies, their conclusions regarding trends in salinity of the northern oceans may not be as inconsistent as they might appear. The use of the term &#8220;record-high&#8221; in the paper by Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> may be misleading, as this only refers to a limited region since the 1960s (southwest off Iceland) or a very short interval (one decade) and doesn&#8217;t reflect the general degree of salinity in the entire basin over a longer period. The long-term observations suggest that the last decade has been a mere blip in a long-term trend towards fresher conditions in the northen oceans. 1995 was when the salt content in the norther oceans was at its lowest. It is hard to see how the relationship suggested by Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> can explain how the 19000 cubic km of fresh water reported by Curry &#038; Mauritzen could be removed. However, these papers are probably not the final word on this.<\/p>\n<p>To conclude: The Subpolar Gyre and the Nordic Seas are probably still a lot fresher than they ever were in the decades before the 1990s (even if the warm and salty Gulf Stream system is now putting up a good fight). If one gets another impression from the Hatun paper it is wrong. Now the question is: what will happen in the future? Will the general freshening trend continue, or will we return to the 1960s levels? None of us have a crystal ball, so no-one really knows. There will always be this battle between the saline waters from the south and the freshwaters from the north, so swings in the time evolution of the overall freshwater loading of the northern seas, as we see right now, should always be expected. It is reasonable to assume that the freshwater input will continue to increase in the future because the earth is warming, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/vision\/earth\/environment\/arcticice_decline.html\">causing increasing ice melt<\/a> and increased precipitation (both over ocean and over land, which yields larger river runoff to the ocean). On the other hand, the subtropical waters can be expected to become saltier in the future, for the same reason (increased hydrological cycle gives more evaporation in the subtropics, thus increased salinities in subtropical waters). The question is which component will win. Neither paper has made quantitative estimates of future scenarios for the freshwater potential associated with the various components (evaporation, precipitation, ice melt).<\/p>\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hatun H., Sand\u00f8  A.B, Drange H., Hansen B. &#038; Valdimarsson H. (2005) &#8216;Inlfuence of the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre on the Thermocline Circulation&#8217;, <em>Science<\/em>, <strong>vol 309<\/strong>, 1841-1844<\/p>\n<p>Curry R. &#038; Maurtizen C. (2005) &#8216;Dilution of the Northern North Atlantic Ocean in Recent Decades&#8217;, <em>Science<\/em>, <strong>vol 308<\/strong>, 1772-1774<\/p>\n<p><lang_fr>L&#8217;Europe du Nord conna\u00eet un climat doux par rapport aux autres r\u00e9gions de la m\u00eame latitude. Par exemple, Oslo est approximativement \u00e0 la m\u00eame latitude que la pointe Sud du Groenland, mais a un climat substantiellement plus doux. Bien que l&#8217;atmosph\u00e8re <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/cgi\/content\/short\/297\/5590\/2202\">joue un r\u00f4le important ici aussi<\/a>, la chaleur transport\u00e9e par l&#8217;oc\u00e9an est un facteur cl\u00e9 responsable des conditions douces dans beaucoup de parties de l&#8217;Europe du Nord. Une composante de ce transport est li\u00e9e au syst\u00e8me de courants o\u00f9 les eaux de surface sal\u00e9es pr\u00e8s de l&#8217;Arctique perdent leur chaleur, deviennent plus denses, et ainsi plongent vers l&#8217;oc\u00e9an profond. Cet enfoncement fait partie d&#8217;une circulation oc\u00e9anique de plus large \u00e9chelle connue en tant que <a href=\"http:\/\/www.grida.no\/climate\/vital\/32.htm\">&#8220;tapis roulant&#8221;<\/a>, parfois r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e comme la <a href=\"http:\/\/www.grida.no\/climate\/ipcc_tar\/wg1\/508.htm\">circulation thermohaline<\/a> car la circulation est dirig\u00e9e par les variations de densit\u00e9 reli\u00e9es aux variations de temp\u00e9rature et salinit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Beaucoup des courants de surface des oc\u00e9ans mondiaux (i.e. l&#8217;oc\u00e9an &#8220;s&#8217;enroule&#8221; ce qui appara\u00eet comme un <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physicalgeography.net\/fundamentals\/8q_1.html\">syst\u00e8me de courant horizontal tournant<\/a> dans l&#8217;oc\u00e9an de surface) sont dirig\u00e9s par le vent, cependant, l&#8217;enfoncement dans l&#8217;Arctique est reli\u00e9 au for\u00e7age de flottabilit\u00e9 (effets qui changent soit la temp\u00e9rature ou la salinit\u00e9, et ainsi la flottabilit\u00e9). L&#8217;enfoncement est principalement dirig\u00e9 par la salinit\u00e9 de l&#8217;eau, qui est affect\u00e9e par l&#8217;\u00e9vaporation de l&#8217;eau douce \u00e0 la surface ou, particuli\u00e8rement en Arctique, gla\u00e7ant l&#8217;eau de mer qui laisse le sel derri\u00e8re dans l&#8217;eau sous la glace.<\/p>\n<p>La th\u00e9orie et le mod\u00e8le sugg\u00e8rent que si l&#8217;enfoncement des eaux de surface sal\u00e9es dans le Nord de l&#8217;Atlantique ralentissait ou s&#8217;arr\u00eatait, il y aurait une r\u00e9duction du transport de la chaleur par l&#8217;oc\u00e9an, ce qui aurait des implications pour le climat du Nord de l&#8217;Europe. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.grida.no\/climate\/ipcc_tar\/wg1\/357.htm\">Les pr\u00e9visions<\/a> des climats futurs potentiels indiquent que cela pourrait avoir lieu en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 l&#8217;augmentation du for\u00e7age des gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, bien que le degr\u00e9 de ce changement est tr\u00e8s variable d&#8217;une simulation \u00e0 l&#8217;autre.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;adoucissement de l&#8217;oc\u00e9an peut r\u00e9sulter de nombreux facteurs &#8212; le fonte de la glace, la d\u00e9charge d&#8217;eau douce par les rivi\u00e8res, ou une augmentation des pr\u00e9cipitations aux hautes latitudes. Les niveaux de salinit\u00e9 de la r\u00e9gion nord de l&#8217;oc\u00e9an sont aussi influencer par le flux d&#8217;eau sal\u00e9e et chaude des latitudes plus basses dans l&#8217;Oc\u00e9an Atlantique. Ainsi, la salinit\u00e9 de l&#8217;eau est le r\u00e9sultat d&#8217;un \u00e9quilibre d\u00e9licat entre des influences multiples en concurrence.<\/p>\n<p>Il est important de garder \u00e0 l&#8217;esprit que les diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions de l&#8217;oc\u00e9an dans l&#8217;Arctique, souvent s\u00e9par\u00e9es par des fronti\u00e8res raides, peuvent avoir des caract\u00e9ristiques diff\u00e9rentes et qu&#8217;elles peuvent subir diff\u00e9rents changements. Ces r\u00e9gions oc\u00e9aniques sont souvent r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9es sous diff\u00e9rents noms, mais nous essaierons de simplifier la discussion en utilisant le terme &#8220;oc\u00e9ans du nord&#8221; quand on se r\u00e9f\u00e8re au bassin entre le Groenland, l&#8217;Islande et la Norv\u00e8ge ; Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> utilisent &#8220;Arctique m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne&#8221; alors que Curry &#038; Mauritzen (2005) utilisent le label &#8220;Mers nordiques&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/northernoceans_marked.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"http:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/northernoceans_marked.jpg\" alt=\"Northern oceans ocean basin\"   ALIGN=BOTTOM  WIDTH=499 BORDER=0 src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<em>Carte de l\u2019oc\u00e9an nordique<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Il est devenu de plus en plus \u00e9vident que pendant les derni\u00e8res 50 ann\u00e9es, les eaux des Mers Subpolaires et Nordiques sont en effet devenues plus douces. Ce que Curry &#038; Mauritzen ont fait est de quantifier quand, o\u00f9, \u00e0 quelle vitesse, et en quelles quantit\u00e9s cette eau douce est entr\u00e9e dans ces mers. Il appara\u00eet de leur analyse que la quantit\u00e9 d&#8217;eau douce ajout\u00e9e durant les d\u00e9cennies r\u00e9centes \u00e9tait beaucoup plus grande que ce qui \u00e9tait auparavant suppos\u00e9. Ils ont aussi estim\u00e9 combien de temps cela prendrait avant que le courant profond dans les hautes latitudes cesse si l&#8217;adoucissement continuait avec plus ou moins le m\u00eame taux, et arrivaient \u00e0 une estimation d&#8217;environ 100-200 ans. Cela sugg\u00e8re la possibilit\u00e9 qu&#8217;un ralentissement du tapis roulant dans le futur proche pouvait \u00eatre une possibilit\u00e9 r\u00e9elle, et pas juste une curiosit\u00e9 th\u00e9orique.<\/p>\n<p>Hatun et al. sont d&#8217;accord que de larges aires dans les oc\u00e9ans du nord s&#8217;adoucissent. De plus, Curry &#038; Mauritzen font \u00e9tat du fait que la salinit\u00e9 \u00e9tait la plus faible au milieu des ann\u00e9es 90 et que les mers sont devenues plus sal\u00e9es depuis. Tous les deux d\u00e9crivent aussi un \u00e9v\u00e9nement exceptionnel \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 60 d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 70, o\u00f9 une r\u00e9gion de tr\u00e8s faible salinit\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9e (connue sous le nom de &#8220;la Grande Anomalie de Salinit\u00e9&#8221; &#8211; GAS). La GAS peut aussi \u00eatre vue dans la fig. 2 de Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> et est une caract\u00e9ristique bien connue dans l&#8217;oc\u00e9anographie de l&#8217;Atlantique. Curry &#038; Mauritzen ont trouv\u00e9 que la tendance \u00e0 l&#8217;adoucissement culmine dans les ann\u00e9es 90, une indication que l&#8217;eau sal\u00e9e et chaude du sud a tendance \u00e0 contrarier l&#8217;influence de l&#8217;adoucissement. Donc il n&#8217;y a aucune inconsistance avec le papier de Hatun <em>et al.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Mais est-ce que cela signifie que l&#8217;adoucissement de l&#8217;enroulement subpolaire a cess\u00e9 ? Non : Les oc\u00e9ans du nord sont significativement plus doux qu&#8217;ils l&#8217;\u00e9taient dans les ann\u00e9es 60 &#8211; les 1,8 m\u00e8tres suppl\u00e9mentaires d&#8217;eau douce dans les Mers Nordiques ont perdu 10 cm, et les 3 m\u00e8tres suppl\u00e9mentaires d&#8217;eau douces dans l&#8217;enroulement subpolaire ont perdu 1 m\u00e8tre en limite sup\u00e9rieure. Le dernier cadre temporel dans l&#8217;enroulement subpolaire n&#8217;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 dans le papier de Curry &#038; Mauritzen car ils ont peu de donn\u00e9es de l&#8217;enroulement subpolaire occidental durant cette p\u00e9riode &#8211; le budget du volume serait alors biais\u00e9 vers l&#8217;Atlantique de l&#8217;est sal\u00e9, o\u00f9 les eaux subtropicales chaudes et sal\u00e9es r\u00e9sident. L&#8217;estimation d&#8217;1 m\u00e8tre (limite sup\u00e9rieure) est donc attendue \u00e0 \u00eatre r\u00e9duite quand plus de donn\u00e9es de l&#8217;enroulement subpolaire occidental entreront dans la base de donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>La diff\u00e9rente focalisation dans les deux \u00e9tudes peut simplement donner des descriptions de la m\u00eame situation, m\u00eame quand certains media ont d\u00e9crit le papier le plus r\u00e9cent comme une preuve contre la possibilit\u00e9 d&#8217;adoucissement des oc\u00e9ans du nord. Curry &#038; Mauritzen ont analys\u00e9 la salinit\u00e9 \u00e0 travers la profondeur de l&#8217;oc\u00e9an. Ils observent une accumulation d&#8217;eau douce dans la colonne totale des bassins de l&#8217;oc\u00e9an sub-polaire, sp\u00e9cialement aux profondeurs interm\u00e9diaires. Ils trouvent aussi des indications de salinit\u00e9s plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es dans la r\u00e9gion o\u00f9 les eaux de l&#8217;Atlantique s&#8217;\u00e9coulent dans les oc\u00e9ans du nord. Hatun et al. se focalisent sur la salinit\u00e9 de surface, comme elle est proche de la surface la circulation oc\u00e9anique est la plus forte. Cependant, une partie de leurs analyses inclut des observations \u00e0 partir d&#8217;un transept p\u00e9n\u00e9trant jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 800 m \u00e0 Rockall Trough. Les analyses de Curry &#038; Mauritzen \u00e9taient bas\u00e9es sur des observations oc\u00e9aniques avec une grilles 3d alors que celles de Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> se focalisaient sur trois points de flux dans l&#8217;oc\u00e9an Arctique. Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> ont aussi utilis\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es altim\u00e9triques (mesures locales de la hauteur d&#8217;eau de mer \u00e0 partir d&#8217;observations de satellite) pour diagnostiquer la circulation de l&#8217;enroulement des oc\u00e9ans plus au Nord. Les donn\u00e9es altim\u00e9triques fournissent une mesure de la chaleur et de la concentration de sel de l&#8217;eau, mais \u00e0 cause du fait que la densit\u00e9 de l&#8217;eau est une fonction compliqu\u00e9e non-lin\u00e9aire de la temp\u00e9rature et de la salinit\u00e9, il est difficile d&#8217;inverser les mesures pour en d\u00e9duire la salinit\u00e9. N\u00e9anmoins, les profils de hauteur locale donnent des indications sur les courants qui proviennent des diff\u00e9rences de hauteur d&#8217;eau de mer.<br \/>\nUn quadrillage \u00e9pars d&#8217;observations oc\u00e9aniques sur une tr\u00e8s grande r\u00e9solution (dans ce cas, 1 par 1 degr\u00e9 latitude \u00a5 longitude) est enclin \u00e0 produire certaines structures apparentes qui sont simplement des art\u00e9facts d&#8217;interpolation math\u00e9matique, m\u00eame quand les m\u00e9thodes isopycnales sont utilis\u00e9es (ceci est commun pour le quadrillage des donn\u00e9es). D&#8217;un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, la budg\u00e9tisation de la salinit\u00e9, implicite dans le mod\u00e8le oc\u00e9anique de Hatun et al., ne peut pas prendre en compte correctement l&#8217; \u00e9coulement des rivi\u00e8res (qui adoucit l&#8217;eau), le transport \u00e0 partir du Pacifique, de l&#8217;Archipel canadienne, du courant de l&#8217;est du Groenland, ou des processus de fonte. Ce mod\u00e8le oc\u00e9anique utilis\u00e9 par Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> a une limite de latitude nord \u00e0 78N, o\u00f9 une fronti\u00e8re artificielle est impos\u00e9e avec la salinit\u00e9, les temp\u00e9ratures et les vitesses toutes prescrites \u00e0 cette fronti\u00e8re par des r\u00e9sultats d&#8217;un autre mod\u00e8le. Le transport de sel \u00e0 cette fronti\u00e8re \u00e0 cette fronti\u00e8re n&#8217;est pas bien connu. Si le transport de sel prescrit n&#8217;est pas correct, alors le budget du sel du mod\u00e8le ne repr\u00e9sentera pas la r\u00e9alit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> ont examin\u00e9 les possibilit\u00e9s que <strong>[i]<\/strong> un changement dans la pluie qui tombe sur les oc\u00e9ans (adoucit l&#8217;eau) et l&#8217;\u00e9vaporation (augmente la salinit\u00e9 en enlevant de l&#8217;eau et en laissant le sel derri\u00e8re), <strong> [ii] <\/strong> salinit\u00e9 augment\u00e9e dans l&#8217;enroulement sub-tropical (dans la partie principale de l&#8217;Atlantique Nord), <strong> [iii] <\/strong> la salinit\u00e9 augment\u00e9e dans l&#8217;enroulement sub-polaire, ou <strong> [iv] <\/strong> des changements dynamiques dans les contributions relatives de ces deux enroulements pourraient expliquer les fortes salinit\u00e9s dans les r\u00e9gions d&#8217;afflux. De ces processus, ils ont conclu que c&#8217;est le dernier qui \u00e9tait responsable pour la forte salinit\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gion o\u00f9 les eaux de l&#8217;Atlantique coule dans les oc\u00e9ans du nord. Des comparaisons avec des observations dans ces r\u00e9gions montrent un bon accord entre le mod\u00e8le et les observations. Ainsi, bien que leurs conclusions sur la salinit\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gion d&#8217;afflux sont \u00e9troitement reli\u00e9es \u00e0 la dynamique de la circulation d&#8217;enroulement sub-polaire, le mod\u00e8le peut ne pas donner une quantit\u00e9 repr\u00e9sentative de l&#8217;abondance totale de sel dans les oc\u00e9ans du nord en entier. Mais leur focalisation \u00e9tait sur l&#8217;augmentation de la salinit\u00e9 dans une certaine r\u00e9gion, pas une baisse g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e, et en effet, ils n&#8217;ont pas examin\u00e9 d&#8217;autres facteurs comme l&#8217;\u00e9coulement des rivi\u00e8res et <a href=\"http:\/\/nsidc.org\/sotc\/sea_ice.html\">la fonte<\/a>. Finalement, les r\u00e9sultats de Curry &#038; Mauritzen se sont focalis\u00e9s sur une \u00e9chelle de temps plus longue pour laquelle ils ont collect\u00e9 des observations de l&#8217;oc\u00e9an, tandis que seuls les r\u00e9sultats du mod\u00e8le ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fournis pour une \u00e9volution \u00e0 long terme par Hatun <em>et al.<\/em>. M\u00eame si le mod\u00e8le est en bon accord par rapport aux anomalies de salinit\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gion d&#8217;afflux, il n&#8217;a pas encore \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tabli s&#8217;il fournit des valeurs repr\u00e9sentatives pour la salinit\u00e9 absolue dans le bassin oc\u00e9anique global.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c9tant donn\u00e9es les incertitudes et les avertissements implicites \u00e0 ces deux \u00e9tudes, leurs conclusions quant aux tendances de la salinit\u00e9 des oc\u00e9ans du nord peuvent ne pas \u00eatre inconsistantes comme elles pourraient appara\u00eetre. L&#8217;utilisation du terme &#8220;grande archive&#8221; dans le papier de Hatun <em>et al.<\/em> peut \u00eatre trompeur, car il ne se r\u00e9f\u00e8re qu&#8217;\u00e0 une r\u00e9gion limit\u00e9e depuis les ann\u00e9es 60 (au sud-ouest de l&#8217;Islande) ou \u00e0 un tr\u00e8s court intervalle (une d\u00e9cennie) et ne refl\u00e8te pas le degr\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de salinit\u00e9 dans le bassin entier sur une longue p\u00e9riode de temps. Les observations \u00e0 long terme sugg\u00e8rent que la derni\u00e8re d\u00e9cennie a \u00e9t\u00e9 un simple accroc dans une tendance \u00e0 long terme vers des conditions plus douces dans les oc\u00e9ans du nord. 1995 \u00e9tait quand l&#8217;abondance de sel dans les oc\u00e9ans du nord \u00e9tait \u00e0 son plus bas. Il est difficile de voir comment la relation sugg\u00e9r\u00e9e par Hatun et al. peut expliquer comment 19 000 km3 d&#8217;eau douce report\u00e9s par Curry &#038; Mauritzen ont pu \u00eatre enlev\u00e9. Cependant, ces papiers n&#8217;ont probablement pas le mot final sur ce sujet.<\/p>\n<p>Pour conclure : la Gyre Subpolaire et les Mers Nordiques sont probablement encore beaucoup plus doux qu&#8217;ils ne l&#8217;ont jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 durant les d\u00e9cennies avant les ann\u00e9es 1990 (m\u00eame si le syst\u00e8me du Gulf Stream chaud et sal\u00e9 se d\u00e9fend maintenant bien). Si on a une autre impression du papier de Hatun, elle est fausse. Maintenant la question est : que va-t&#8217;il se passer dans le futur ? Est-ce que la tendance g\u00e9n\u00e9rale \u00e0 l&#8217;adoucissement va continuer, ou allons nous retourner vers des niveaux des ann\u00e9es 60 ? Aucun de nous n&#8217;a une boule de cristal, donc personne ne peut vraiment savoir. Il y aura toujours cette bataille entre les eaux sal\u00e9es venant du sud et les eaux douces venant du nord, donc un basculement dans le temps de la charge d&#8217;eau douce des oc\u00e9ans du nord, comme on le voit maintenant, devrait toujours \u00eatre attendu. Il est raisonnable de supposer que l&#8217;entr\u00e9e d&#8217;eau douce continuera \u00e0 augmenter dans le futur parce que la Terre se r\u00e9chauffe, entra\u00eenant une <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/vision\/earth\/environment\/arcticice_decline.html\">augmentation de la fonte des glaces<\/a> et une augmentation des pr\u00e9cipitations (\u00e0 la fois au-dessus des oc\u00e9ans et des terres, ce qui produit un \u00e9coulement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 des rivi\u00e8res \u00e0 l&#8217;oc\u00e9an). D&#8217;un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, on peut s&#8217;attendre \u00e0 ce que les eaux subtropicales deviennent plus sal\u00e9es dans l&#8217;avenir, pour la m\u00eame raison (l&#8217;augmentation du cycle hydrologique donne plus d&#8217;\u00e9vaporation dans les subtropiques, augmentant ainsi la salinit\u00e9 des eaux subtropicales). La question est de savoir quelle composante va gagner. Aucun article n&#8217;a fait d&#8217;estimations quantitatives des sc\u00e9narii futurs pour le potentiel d&#8217;eau douce associ\u00e9 aux diff\u00e9rentes composantes (\u00e9vaporation, pr\u00e9cipitation, fonte des glaces).<\/p>\n<p><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hatun H., Sand\u00d8 A.B., Drange H., Hansen B. &#038; Valdimarsson H. (2005) &#8220;Influence of the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre on the Thermocline circulation&#8221;, Science, vol 309, 1841-1844<\/p>\n<p>Curry R. &#038; Mauritzen C. (2005) &#8220;Dilution of the Northern North Atlantic Ocean in Recent Decades&#8221;, Science, vol 308, 1772-1774<br \/>\n<\/lang_fr><\/p>\n<!-- kcite active, but no citations found -->\n<\/div> <!-- kcite-section 191 -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In a recent (of Sept. 16, 2005) publication in Science, Hatun et al. find that record-high salinities have been observed over the past decade in the region where water from the Atlantic flows into the northern oceans. They combine an analysis of observations with simulations using an ocean model, concluding that the salinity of the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12,1,19],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-191","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-arctic-and-antarctic","7":"category-climate-science","8":"category-oceans","9":"entry"},"aioseo_notices":[],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/191","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=191"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/191\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=191"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=191"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=191"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}