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You are here: Home / Climate Science / Climate modelling / Global warming on Mars? Réchauffement global sur Mars ?

Global warming on Mars? Réchauffement global sur Mars ?

5 Oct 2005 by group

Guest contribution by Steinn Sigurdsson.

Recently, there have been some suggestions that “global warming” has been observed on Mars (e.g. here). These are based on observations of regional change around the South Polar Cap, but seem to have been extended into a “global” change, and used by some to infer an external common mechanism for global warming on Earth and Mars (e.g. here and here). But this is incorrect reasoning and based on faulty understanding of the data.
Article invité par Steinn Sigurdsson. (traduit par Claire Rollion-Bard)

Récemment, il y a eu des suggestions qu’un “réchauffement global” a été observé sur Mars (par exemple, ici). Ceci est basé sur des observations d’un changement régional autour de la calotte polaire sud, mais semble avoir été étendu à un changement “global” et utilisé par certains pour en déduire un mécanisme commun externe pour le réchauffement global sur la Terre et sur Mars. (par exemple, ici et ici). Mais c’est un raisonnement incorrect et basé sur une mauvaise compréhension des données.


A couple of basic issues first : the Martian year is about 2 Earth years (687 days). Currently it is late winter in Mars’s northern hemisphere, so late summer in the southern hemisphere. Martian eccentricity is about 0.1 – over 5 times larger than Earth’s, so the insolation (INcoming SOLar radiATION) variation over the orbit is substantial, and contributes significantly more to seasonality than on the Earth, although Mars’s obliquity (the angle of its spin axis to the orbital plane) still dominates the seasons. The alignment of obliquity and eccentricity due to precession is a much stronger effect than for the Earth, leading to “great” summers and winters on time scales of tens of thousands of years (the precessional period is 170,000 years). Since Mars has no oceans and a thin atmosphere, the thermal inertia is low, and Martian climate is easily perturbed by external influences, including solar variations. However, solar irradiance is now well measured by satellite and has been declining slightly over the last few years as it moves towards a solar minimum.

So what is causing Martian climate change now? Mars has a relatively well studied climate, going back to measurements made by Viking, and continued with the current series of orbiters, such as the Mars Global Surveyor. Complementing the measurements, NASA has a Mars General Circulation Model (GCM) based at NASA Ames. (NB. There is a good “general reader” review of modeling the Martian atmosphere by Stephen R Lewis in Astronomy and Geophysics, volume 44 issue 4. pages 6-14.)

Globally, the mean temperature of the Martian atmosphere is particularly sensitive to the strength and duration of hemispheric dust storms, (see for example here and here). Large scale dust storms change the atmospheric opacity and convection; as always when comparing mean temperatures, the altitude at which the measurement is made matters, but to the extent it is sensible to speak of a mean temperature for Mars, the evidence is for significant cooling from the 1970’s, when Viking made measurements, compared to current temperatures. However, this is essentially due to large scale dust storms that were common back then, compared to a lower level of storminess now. The mean temperature on Mars, averaged over the Martian year can change by many degrees from year to year, depending on how active large scale dust storms are.

In 2001, Malin et al published a short article in Science (subscription required) discussing MGS data showing a rapid shrinkage of the South Polar Cap. Recently, the MGS team had a press release discussing more recent data showing the trend had continued. MGS 2001 press release MGS 2005 press release. The shrinkage of the Martian South Polar Cap is almost certainly a regional climate change, and is not any indication of global warming trends in the Martian atmosphere. Colaprete et al in Nature 2005 (subscription required) showed, using the Mars GCM, that the south polar climate is unstable due to the peculiar topography near the pole, and the current configuration is on the instability border; we therefore expect to see rapid changes in ice cover as the regional climate transits between the unstable states.

Thus inferring global warming from a 3 Martian year regional trend is unwarranted. The observed regional changes in south polar ice cover are almost certainly due to a regional climate transition, not a global phenomenon, and are demonstrably unrelated to external forcing. There is a slight irony in people rushing to claim that the glacier changes on Mars are a sure sign of global warming, while not being swayed by the much more persuasive analogous phenomena here on Earth…

Tout d’abord, quelques bases : l’année martienne correspond à environ 2 années terrestres (687 jours). Couramment, il y a un hiver tardif dans l’hémisphère Nord de Mars et donc un été tardif dans l’hémisphère Sud. L’excentricité martienne est environ 0,1 – soit plus de 5 fois plus grande que celle de la Terre, donc la variation de l’insolation (INcoming SOlar radiATION) sur l’orbite est substantielle et contribue significativement plus à la saisonnalité que sur la Terre, bien que l’obliquité de Mars (l’angle entre son axe et le plan de l’orbite) domine toujours les saisons. L’alignement de l’obliquité et de l’excentricité dû à la précession est un effet beaucoup plus fort que pour la Terre, entraînant de grands étés et hivers sur des échelles de temps de dizaines de milliers d’années (la période de précession est 170 000 ans). Puisque Mars n’a pas d’océan et une atmosphère fine, l’inertie thermique est faible, et le climat de Mars est facilement perturbé par des influences externes, incluant les variations solaires. Cependant, la radiation du Soleil est maintenant bien mesurée par les satellites et a baissé légèrement ces dernières années et tend vers un minimum solaire.

Quelle est, alors, la cause du changement actuel du climat martien ? Mars a un climat relativement bien étudié, allant des mesures faites par Viking et continuant avec les séries d’orbiteurs comme le Mars Global Surveyor. En complément des mesures, la NASA a un modèle de circulation générale de Mars (GCM) basé au NASA Ames (NB : il y a une bonne revue générale du modèle de l’atmosphère de Mars par Stephen R. Lewis dans Astronomy and Geophysics, volume 44 issue 4, pages 6-14)

Globalement, la température moyenne de l’atmosphère martienne est particulièrement sensible à la force et à la durée des tempêtes de poussières hémisphériques (voir par exemple ici et la). Les tempêtes de poussières de large échelle changent l’opacité atmosphérique et la convection ; comme toujours quand on compare des températures moyennes, l’altitude à laquelle la mesure est faite compte, mais dans la mesure où il est raisonnable de parler de température moyenne pour Mars, l’évidence est pour un refroidissement significatif depuis les années 70, quand Viking a fait les mesures, comparées aux températures actuelles. Cependant, c’est essentiellement dû aux tempêtes de poussières qui sont revenues alors, comparé à un niveau plus faible de tempêtes maintenant. La température moyenne de Mars, moyennée sur une année martienne, peut changer de plusieurs degrés d’année en année, dépendant de l’activité des tempêtes de poussières.

En 2001, Malin et al. ont publié un court article dans Science (abonnement requis) discutant des données de MGS montrant une rapide diminution de la calotte polaire Sud. Récemment, l’équipe du MGS a fait un communiqué de presse discutant des données plus récentes, qui montrent que la tendance a continué. Communiqué de presse MGS 2001 Communiqué de presse MGS 2005. La diminution de la calotte polaire sud martienne est presque certainement un changement climatique régional, et n’est pas une indication de tendances vers un réchauffement global dans l’atmosphère de Mars. Colaprete et al. dans Nature 2005 (abonnement requis) ont montré, en utilisant le GCM de Mars, que le climat polaire sud est instable à cause d’une topographie particulière près du pôle, et la configuration actuelle en transit entre ces états instables.

Ainsi déduire un réchauffement global à partir d’une tendance régionale sur 3 années martiennes est infondé. Les changements régionaux observés dans la couverture de glace du pôle sud sont presque certainement dus à une transition du climat régional, non à un phénomène global, et ne sont pas reliés de manière prouvée à un forçage externe. Il y a quelque ironie dans le fait que les gens s’empressent de d’affirmer que les changements de glacier sur Mars sont un signe certain d’un réchauffement global, alors qu’ils ne sont pas secoués par les phénomènes analogues beaucoup plus convaincants ici sur Terre…

Filed Under: Climate modelling, Climate Science, FAQ, Sun-earth connections

Reader Interactions

Trackbacks

  1. Climate Progress » Blog Archive » Answers to Questions the Drudge Report poses to Al Gore, including one from Climate Progress (!) says:
    16 Sep 2007 at 11:23 AM

    […] Mars does appear to be experiencing short-term regional warming, not long-term global warming, as the climate scientists of Realclimate.org have explained. […]

  2. super-structure » 25 Reasons Why You Should Understand Neil Boortz Is Wrong | Jason Coleman says:
    19 Sep 2007 at 10:38 AM

    […] is no global warming on Mars (nor any other of our solar system’s planets), at least not anything at all like what we have […]

  3. Al Gore: Nobel Prize Winner - kittyradio.com says:
    12 Oct 2007 at 1:09 PM

    […] Recently, there have been some suggestions that "global warming" has been observed on Mars. These are based on observations of regional change around the South Polar Cap, but seem to have been extended into a "global" change, and used by some to infer an external common mechanism for global warming on Earth and Mars. But this is incorrect reasoning and based on faulty understanding of the data. RealClimate » Global warming on Mars? […]

  4. Fred Thompson on global warming « Clastic Detritus says:
    18 Oct 2007 at 10:58 AM

    […] context? Perhaps. Still, he might want to comment on the matter more seriously. Here’s a more thorough discussion of the whopping 3 years of Mars data. Jupiter? Where’d he get that information? Again, we […]

  5. Water the future coal. - WebProWorld says:
    5 Jan 2008 at 7:31 AM

    […] change caused by Mars’ own orbital cycles, like what happened during the earth’s glacial cycles. RealClimate » Global warming on Mars? […]

  6. Dynamics of Cats says:
    10 Jan 2008 at 12:44 AM

    Carnival of Space #36…

    As the 211th meeting of the American Astronomical Society powers on in Texas, us homebodies bring you the 36th Carnival of Space, for your reading pleasure………

  7. Debunking a climate change debunker « 3E Intelligence says:
    5 Feb 2008 at 10:10 AM

    […] RealClimate: Global warming on Mars? […]

  8. WND: Jack Cashill thinks he wins science debate « Notes from Evil Bender says:
    10 Mar 2008 at 11:49 PM

    […] conspiracy theory I’ve ever seen named–is all over this so-called problem, which isn’t a problem at all.  There’s very little reason to find the Mars story even a little credible, and a lot […]

  9. Carbon Coalition | Blog » Blog Archive » Thompson and Griffin Make Headlines says:
    9 Oct 2008 at 5:05 PM

    […] For the record, the sun is not getting hotter.  If you care to wade through the data, it is here.  And there are other reasons for warming on Mars and you can read about them here. […]

  10. Debate time: Global Warming - Page 11 - Offtopicz says:
    17 Jan 2009 at 5:15 PM

    […] BTW, your completely wrong, and since you insulted me I do not wish to explain. So here is a link: RealClimate __________________ Dammit, leave my siggy alone stop suppressing my siggy rights! If your mad at […]

  11. Uno spazio calduccio | hilpers says:
    21 Jan 2009 at 11:23 AM

    […] pianti Ma ROTFL! PS: Sulla ricerca (da quelli che l’hanno fatta, e non da Newton), puoi leggere https://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=192 […]

  12. How Al Gore celebrated "Earth Hour"Page 11 says:
    22 May 2009 at 7:57 PM

    […] is experiencing more warming than us. Wrong. […]

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