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You are here: Home / Climate Science / 2009 temperatures by Jim Hansen

2009 temperatures by Jim Hansen

17 Jan 2010 by group

Translations: (English)
English

C’est le résumé pour 2009 de Hansen et collaborateurs’, (avec quelques modifications mineures).

“Si ça se réchauffe tant, bon sang, pourquoi fait-il si froid?”

par James Hansen, Reto Ruedy, Makiko Sato, and Ken Lo (Traduction par Xavier Pétillon)

L’année passée, 2009, passe pour être la seconde année la plus chaude depuis 130 ans d’enregistrements instrumentaux de la température globale, dans l’analyse de température de surface par l’Institut Goddard pour les études spatiales de la NASA (GISS). L’hémisphère sud bat un record comme le plus chaud pour cette moitié du monde. La température globale moyenne, comme montré dans l’illustration 1a, fut plus chaude de 0,57°C (1°F) que la période climatologique (période de base 1951-1980). L’hémisphère sud, comme montré dans l’illustration 1b, fut plus chaud de 0,49°C (0,88°F) que la période climatologique.

Illustration 1: (a) analyse du GISS pour les changements de la température globale de surface. La barre verticale verte est l’estimation à l’intervalle de confiance de 95% (deux écarts-type) pour le changement annuel de température. (b) Changement des
températures des hémisphères dans l’analyse du GISS. (Période de base 1951-1980. Cette période de base est est systématiquement fixée pour tous les articles du GISS concernant l’analyse de la température – voir les références. La période de base 1961-1990 est utilisée pour les comparaisons avec les analyses publiées du HadCRUT dans les illustrations 3 et 4).

L’enregistrement de l’année globalement la plus chaude, dans la période d’utilisation des mesures instrumentales globales (depuis la fin du XIXème siècle) était 2005. Il est quelques fois avancé que 1998 était la plus chaude. L’origine de cette confusion est discutée ci-après. Il y a un fort degré de variabilité interannuelle (année par année) et décénnale à la fois dans les températures globales et hémisphériques. Sous-tendant cette variabilité, néanmoins, on trouve une tendance au réchauffement de long terme qui devient plus fort et persistant [tenace] au cours des trois dernières décennies. Les tendances de long terme sont plus apparentes quand les températures sont moyennées sur plusieurs années. Les températures en moyennes mobiles sur 60 mois (5 ans) et 132 mois (11 ans) sont montrées dans la figure 2 pour le globe et les hémisphères. La moyenne sur 5 ans est suffisante pour réduire l’effet du cycle climatique tropical El Niño-El Niña. La moyenne sur 11 ans minimise l’effet de la variabilité solaire – la luminosité solaire varie significativement pendant le cycle de tâches solaires, qui est généralement d’une durée de l’ordre de 10-12 ans.

Illustration 2: Températures en moyennes mobiles sur 60 (5 ans) et 132 (11 ans) mois dans l’analyse du GISS pour les changements de température de surface (a) globale et (b) des hémisphères.(période de base 1951-1980).

Il y a une contradiction entre la tendance observée et continue au réchauffement et la perception populaire des tendances climatiques. Ce type de perception inclut fréquemment ces assertions «  Il y a eu un refroidissement global ces dernières 10 années. » « Le réchauffement global s’est arrêté en 1998. » « 1998 est l’année la plus chaude jamais enregistrée. » De telles déclarations ont été répétées si souvent que la plupart des gens les acceptent comme vraies. Néanmoins, selon nos données, ces déclarations ne sont pas correctes.

L’origine de la contradiction se trouve probablement pour partie dans la différence entre les analyses du GISS et du HadCRUT (HadCRUT est une association entre le centre Hadley et l’unité de recherche sur l’analyse de température de l’université de East-Anglia). En effet, le HadCRUT a trouvé que 1998 était l’année la plus chaude enregistrée. De plus, les croyances populaires en un refroidissement sont renforcées par des anomalies froides aux USA à l’été 2009 et dans l’hémisphère nord en décembre 2009.
Nous montrerons d’abord les principales raisons des différences entre les analyses du GISS et du HadCRUT. Nous examinerons ensuite les anomalies régionales de 2009 dans le contexte des températures globales.

Illustration 3: Anomalies de températures en 1998 (colonne de gauche) et 2005 (colonne de droite). Le rang du haut est l’analyse du GISS, celui du milieu est l’analyse du HadCRUT et le rang du bas est l’analyse du GISS masquée [ndt : calée] sur les mêmes zones et résolution que l’analyse du HadCRUT. (La période de base est 1961-1990.)

L’illustration 3 montre les cartes des anomalies de températures du GISS et HadCRUT en 1998 et 2005 relativement à la période 1961-1990 (la période de base usuelle du HadCRUT). Les anomalies de températures sont dans une résolution de 5 en 5 degrés géographiques pour les données du GISS afin qu’elles correspondent à celles de l’analyse du HadCRUT. Dans les deux cartes du bas, nous montrons les données du GISS sous le même masque en termes de répartition géographique et de résolution que celui du HadCRUT. Les données du GISS « sous masque » nous permettent de quantifier la manière dont les différences entre les analyses du GISS et du HadCRUT sont dues à l’interpolation et l’extrapolation des données utilisées dans l’analyse du GISS. Cette analyse affecte
à de nombreuses cases [des modèles] une anomalie de température qui ne contiennent pas de données mesurées, spécifiquement dans des cases qui se trouvent à moins de 1200 km d’une ou plusieurs stations qui ont défini une anomalie de température.

La raison de cet aspect de l’analyse du GISS est basée sur le fait que le schéma d’une anomalie de température tend à se produire à grande échelle. Par exemple, s’il y a un hiver anormalement froid à New-York, il est probablement anormalement froid à Philadelphie aussi. Ce fait suggère qu’il peut être préférable d’affecter une anomalie de température basée sur les stations les plus proches de la case qui n’a aucune observation que d’exclure la case de l’analyse globale. Des tests de cette assertion sont décrits dans nos articles référencés plus bas.



Illustration 4: Anomalies de la température de surface globale relativement à la période de base 1961-1990 pour trois cas : HadCRUT, GISS et anomalies du GISS limitées à l’aire HadCRUT. [Pour obtenir des séries temporelles cohérentes pour les moyennes globales du HadCRUT et du GISS, les résultats mensuels ont été moyennés par régions avec des anomalies de températures définies à l’intérieur de 4 zones de latitudes (90N-25N, 25N-équateur, équateur-25S, 25S-90S) ; la moyenne globale pondère ainsi ces zones en fonction de la vraie surface de ces zones entières, et les moyennes annuelles sont basées sur ces moyennes mensuelles globales.]

L’illustration 4 montre des séries temporelles de température globale pour les analyses du GISS et du HadCRUT, aussi bien que pour l’analyse du GISS masquée sur les régions de données du HadCRUT. Cette illustration révèle que les différences qui se sont développées entre les températures globales du GISS et du HadCRUT ces dernières décennies sont principalement dues à l’extension de l’analyse du GISS à des régions exclues de l’analyse du HadCRUT. Les résultats du GISS et de HadCRUT sont similaires durant
cette période quand les analyses sont circonscrites exactement aux mêmes aires. L’analyse du GISS trouve aussi 1998 comme année la plus chaude, si l’analyse est limité aux données sous le même masque. La question devient alors : quelle est la valeur des interpolations et des extrapolations dans l’analyse du GISS ? Si l’échelle des anomalies de température est ajustée telle que l’anomalie de la moyenne globale est de zéro, alors les schémas des régions chaudes et froides ont un aspect cohérent avec les schémas météorologiques, apportant ainsi un support qualitatif pour l’extension des données. Néanmoins, nous aimerions une mesure quantitative sur l’incertitude de notre estimation pour l’anomalie de la température globale causée par le fait d’une distribution spatiale des mesures incomplète.

Une manière d’estimer cette incertitude, ou possible erreur, peut être d’utiliser les séries temporelles complètes générées par un modèle de climat global ayant déjà fait ses preuves d’une variabilité spatiale et temporelle des températures de surface réaliste. Nous pouvons échantillonner ce jeu de données seulement aux endroits où des stations de mesure existent, et utiliser ce sous-ensemble de données pour estimer le changement de la température globale avec l’analyse du GISS, puis comparer le résultat avec la connaissance « parfaite » de la température globale que nous avons avec les données de chacune des cases.

1880-1900 1900-1950 1960-2008
Stations météorologiques 0.2 0.15 0.08
Index « Land-Ocean » 0.08 0.05 0.05


Tableau 1. Estimation de l’erreur à deux écart-type par période pour les stations météorologiques et l’index « Land-ocean ».

Le tableau 1 montre l’erreur dérivée due à la couverture incomplète des stations. Comme attendu, l’erreur est plus importante aux dates anciennes quand la couverture en stations était plus pauvre. Mais aussi, l’erreur est plus grande quand les données sont disponibles seulement depuis les stations météorologiques, sans mesure depuis des bateaux ou satellites pour les aires océaniques. Dans les décennies récentes, l’incertitude à 2 écarts-type (intervalle de confiance à 95% d’être à l’intérieur de ces valeurs, 2 à 3 % d’être en dehors d’un côté ou de l’autre) a été de 0,05°C. La couverture incomplètes des stations est la première cause d’incertitude pour les années récentes, pour lesquelles les erreurs plus systématiques sont petites, comme le réchauffement urbain.

Des sources additionnelles d’erreurs deviennent importantes quand on compare des anomalies de températures séparées par des périodes plus longues. La source d’erreur de long terme la plus connue est « le réchauffement urbain », un réchauffement local d’origine humaine causé par l’utilisation de l’énergie et les altérations de l’environnement naturel. D’autres erreurs variées, qui affectent les estimations des changements de températures sur le long terme, sont décrites de manière complète dans un grand
nombre d’articles par Tom Karl et ses associés du Centre national de données sur le climat (NCDC) de la NOAA. L’analyse du GISS pour la température corrige l’effet urbain en ajustant les tendances de long terme des stations urbaines de manière cohérente avec les stations rurales des alentours, et en identifiant les densités urbaines par leur population ou par l’observation par les satellites des lumières nocturnes. Dans un article en préparation, nous démontrons que les approches par la population et par les lumières nocturnes donne des résultats similaires sur la moyenne globale. Les erreurs additionnelles causées par des facteurs autres que
la couverture spatiale incomplète est estimée comme étant de l’ordre de 0,1°C sur des échelles de temps de plusieurs décennies à un siècle, cette estimation étant nécessairement partiellement subjective. L’incertitude totale dans les anomalies de température globale moyenne, avec les données « terre et océans » ainsi incluses, est équivalente à l’erreur estimée dans la première ligne du
tableau 1, i.e. l’erreur due à une couverture spatiale limitée quand seules les stations météorologiques sont incluses.

Maintenant, voyons voir si nous pouvons préciser un rang entre les températures annuelles globales récentes, i.e. quelle année est la plus chaude, la seconde plus chaude, etc. L’illustration 1a montre l’année 2009 comme la seconde plus chaude, mais si proche de 1998, 2002, 2003 et 2007 que nous devons considérer toutes ces années comme étant virtuellement la seconde année la plus chaude. La différence maximale entre elles dans l’analyse du GISS est de ~0,03°C (2009 étant la plus chaude et 2003 la plus froide). Cet écart est approximativement égal à notre incertitude à un écart-type de ~0,025°C, ce qui est la raison pour établir que ces années sont toutes la seconde année la plus chaude.

L’année 2005 est plus chaude de 0,061°C que 1998 dans notre analyse. Donc, comment sommes-nous certains que 2005 est plus chaude que 1998 ? Étant donné l’écart-type de ~0,025°C pour l’erreur estimée, nous pouvons estimer la probabilité que 1998 était plus chaude que 2005 comme suit. La chance que 1998 soit 0,025°C plus chaude que notre valeur estimée est d’environ (1-0,68)/2=0,16. La chance que 2005 soit 0,025°C plus froide que notre estimation est aussi de 0,16. La probabilité que ces deux évènements se produisent ensemble est de ~0,03 (3 pourcent). Intégrer la queue de distribution et compter une différence de température entre 2005 et 1998 de 0,61°C change l’estimation dans des directions opposées. Pour le moment, disons juste que la chance pour que 1998 soit plus chaude que 2005, étant donnée notre analyse des températures, est au plus de l’ordre de 10 pourcent. Par conséquent, nous pouvons dire avec un degré raisonnable de confiance que 2005 est l’année la plus chaude dans la période de mesures instrumentales.



Illustration 5. (a) Carte globale de l’anomalie de décembre 2009, (b) carte globale de l’anomalie de juin-juillet-août 2009. #4 et #2 indiquent que décembre 2009 en juin-juillet-août sont les quatrième et deuxième périodes globalement plus chaudes de ce laps de temps.

Que dire à propos de la déclaration comme quoi la surface de la Terre se rafraîchit depuis 10 ans ? Cette question peut être traitée avec beaucoup de confiance, car l’erreur due à une couverture spatiale insuffisante des mesures devient encore plus faible quand on moyenne sur plusieurs années. L’incertitude à deux écarts-type dans la moyenne sur 5 ans de l’anomalie de température montrée dans l’illustration 2, est plus petite d’un facteur 2 que l’incertitude moyenne annuelle, ainsi 0,02-0,03°C. Étant donné que le changement d’une moyenne sur 5 ans de l’anomalie de température est d’environ 0,2°C sur la dernière décennie, nous pouvons conclure que le monde est devenu plus chaud, et non plus froid, depuis la dernière décennie.

Pourquoi des gens sont-ils convaincus d’une conclusion erronée, que le monde est vraiment en train de se refroidir ? Cette naïveté a certainement beaucoup à voir avec les variations régionales de court terme de la température, qui sont d’un plus grand ordre de grandeur que les anomalies annuelles des températures. Même des personnes non averties sont capables de comprendre la différence entre les anomalies locales [ndt : régionales] de court terme et la tendance globale. Par exemple, voici un commentaire posté par « frogbandit » à 20h38 le 6 janvier 2010 le blog de City Bright :

« Je m’étonne de ces gens qui utilisent une météo quotidienne froide pour dire que la Terre se refroidit. On oublie que le réchauffement global a des composantes globales et que c’est une tendance, pas une chose quotidienne. J’entends des gens, au sud que la latitude 48, dire qu’il fait vraiment froid cet hiver. Ce n’est pas si vrai que ça, ici, en Alaska. Bethel, en Alaska, a eu un Noël brun. Ici, à Anchorage, la température d’aujourd’hui est de 31°F [ndt : soient 3°C]. En me basant sur le fait que Bethel et Anchorage sont si chauds cet hiver, je ne peux pas dire que nous avons un réchauffement climatique. Ce serait vraiment un argument idiot de penser que mon schéma de température est répété dans le reste des Etats-Unis, plus ou moins globalement. »

Ce que ‘frogbandit’ dit est illustré par la carte globale des anomalies de températures en décembre 2009 (illustration 5a). Il y a eu de forte anomalies négatives de températures dans les latitudes moyennes de l’hémisphère nord, pas moins de 8°C en Sibérie, moyenné sur le mois. Mais l’anomalie de température en Arctique était, elle, aussi forte que +7°C.

Le décembre froid confirme peut-être une impression acquise par les américains depuis l’été inhabituellement froid de 2009. Il y avait des régions étendues des USA et du Canada en juin-juillet-août avec une anomalie négative de température supérieure à 1°C, la plus grande anomalie sur la planète.


Illustration 6. L’index de l’Oscillation Arctique (AO). Les valeurs positives de l’Index AO indiquent une zone de haute pression sur les régions polaires et ainsi, une tendance à de forts vents zonaux qui minimisent la circulation d’air froid aux latitudes moyennes. Les point bleus sont des moyennes mensuelles et la courbe rouge est la moyenne mobile sur 60 mois (5 ans).

Comment ces larges anomalies régionales de températures se confrontent-elles aux attentes et à la réalité du réchauffement climatique? Ces fluctuations négatives régionales sont-elles inhabituelles? Sont-elles liées avec le réchauffement climatique? Le contredisent-elles?

Il est évident qu’il y a eu en décembre 2009 un échange inhabituel d’air entre le pôle et les latitudes moyennes de l’hémisphère nord. L’air arctique s’est engouffré à la fois sur l’Amérique du nord et l’Eurasie, et, bien sûr, a été remplacé dans ces régions polaires par l’air des latitudes moyennes. La force avec laquelle l’air arctique a pénétré dans les latitudes moyennes est relié avec l’index AO, défini par des schémas de pression atmosphérique de surface et représenté dans l’illustration 6. Quand l’index AO est positif, la pression de surface est élevée dans les régions polaires. Cela permet au jet stream des latitudes moyennes de souffler fortement et constamment d’ouest en est, bloquant ainsi l’air froid au pôle. Quand l’index AO est négatif, il y a une tendance aux basses pressions dans les régions polaires, un vent zonal plus faible, et de plus grands mouvements d’air glacé vers les latitudes moyennes.

L’illustration 6 montre que décembre 2009 a vu la valeur de l’index AO la plus extrêmement négative depuis les années 70. Malgré le fait qu’il y ait eu une dizaine de cas d’index AO aussi extrêmes que -2,5 entre les années 60 et les années 80, il n’y a rien eu d’aussi extrême que le mois dernier. Ce n’est pas étonnant que les gens aient été accoutumés à une absence de ces coups de froid extrêmes.


Illustration 7. Anomalie de températures issu de l’analyse du GISS et Index AO du NWSCPC de la NOAA. La moyenne pour les Etats-Unis fait référence aux 48 états contigus.

L’illustration 7 montre l’index AO avec une résolution temporelle plus grande pour deux périodes de 5 ans. Il est évident qu’il y a un fort degré de corrélation entre l’index AO et les températures des Etats-Unis, avec un décalage possible entre l’index et les anomalies de températures inférieur à la résolution termporelle mensuelle. Les anomalies largement négatives, quand elles arrivent, sont souvent pendant les mois d’hiver. Il faut noter que l’anomalie de températures de janvier 1977, principalement située dans les états de l’est, fut considérablement plus forte que celle de décembre 2009. [cela n’a rien de magique quand une fenêtre de 31 jours coincide avec les jours calendaires du mois, et cela peut être trompeur. Il serait plus informatif de regarder la moyenne mobile sur 30 jours et la moyenne de l’index AO et des températures sur décembre-janvier-février.]

L’index AO n’est pas tant une explication pour ces schémas d’anomalies climatiques qu’un simple état de fait de la situation. Cependant, John (Mike) Wallace et ses collègues ont été capable d’utiliser la description de l’index AO pour aider à comprendre comment ces schémas peuvent changer en cas d’augmentation de gaz à effet de serre. Un certain nombre d’articles, par Wallace, David Thompson et d’autres, aussi bien que par Drew Shindell et d’autres au GISS,
ont montré que l’augmentation de gaz carbonique refroidit la stratosphère, ce qui cause en moyenne un jet stream plus puissant, et ainsi une tendance pour une oscillation arctique (AO) plus positive.

Globalement, l’illustration 6 montre une tendance selon le sens attendu. L’AO n’est pas le seul facteur qui altère la fréquence des épisodes d’air froid de l’Arctique. Par exemple, quel est l’effet d’une glace de mer réduite sur le schéma climatologique? Il n’y a pas assez de preuves empiriques depuis la fonte rapide de la glace de 2007. Nous pouvons seulement conclure que décembre 2009 était un mois hautement anormal et que cette oscillation arctique inhabituelle peut décrire la « cause » du climat extrême de décembre.

Nous n’avons pas trouvé de base pour nous attendre à de fréquentes répétitions de ce phénomène. Tout au contraire. L’illustration 6 montre que les fluctuations mois-par-mois de l’AO sont plus étendues que la tendance de long terme. Mais les changements de températures peuvent être causés par les gaz à effet de serre et le réchauffement global être indépendant des effets dynamiques de l’Oscillation Arctique.




Illustration 8. Carte globale des anomalies de températures pour les 4 saisons pour ~2009. (noter que Dec est décembre 2008. La période de base est 1951-1980.)




Illustration 9. Carte globale des tendances des anomalies de températures pour les 4 saisons pour la période 1950-2009.

Maintenant, regardons les anomalies de températures régionales récentes et les tendances des températures. L’illustration 8 montre les anomalies de températures saisonnières pour l’année passée et l’illustration 9 montre les changements des anomalies de températures depuis 1950 basés sur une tendance linéaire locale. Les échelles de températures sont les mêmes sur les illustrations 8 et 9. La caractéristique remarquable quand on compare ces deux illustrations est que la magnitude des changements sur 60 ans est similaire à la magnitude des anomalies saisonnières. Ce que cela nous raconte, c’est que les dés climatiques sont déjà sérieusement lancés. La personne perspicace qui est là depuis les années 50 sera capable de noter que les températures moyennes saisonnières sont actuellement plus élevées que celles des années 50, bien qu’il y ait encore occasionnellement des saisons froides.

La magnitude des anomalies mensuelles de températures est couramment 1,5 à 2 fois plus grande que la magnitude des anomalies saisonnières. Du coup, ce n’est pas encore si facile de voir le réchauffement global si sa principale illustration est la température moyenne mensuelle. Et, bien sûr, les fluctuations du temps au quotidien sont bien plus importantes que l’impact de la tendance globale du réchauffement.

Les bases sont celles-ci : il n’y a pas de tendance au refroidissement global.

A l’heure actuelle, jusqu’à ce que l’humanité mette ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre sous contrôle, nous pouvons nous attendre à ce que chaque décennie soit plus chaude que la précédente. Les fluctuations du temps qu’il fait excèdent certainement les changements locaux de températures du dernier demi-siècle. Mais la personne perspicace verra bien que le climat se réchauffe à l’échelle des décennies.

Cette information a encore besoin d’être mise en relation avec la conclusion qu’un réchauffement global de 1 à 2°C a d’énormes implications pour l’humanité. Mais cette discussion est au-delà de la portée de cet article.


Références:
Hansen, J.E., and S. Lebedeff, 1987: Global trends of measured surface air temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 13345-13372.
Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, J. Glascoe, and Mki. Sato, 1999: GISS analysis of surface temperature change. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30997-31022.
Hansen, J.E., R. Ruedy, Mki. Sato, M. Imhoff, W. Lawrence, D. Easterling, T. Peterson, and T. Karl, 2001: A closer look at United States and global surface temperature change. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23947-23963.
Hansen, J., Mki. Sato, R. Ruedy, K. Lo, D.W. Lea, and M. Medina-Elizade, 2006: Global temperature change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103, 14288-14293.

Filed Under: Climate Science, Instrumental Record

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932 Responses to "2009 temperatures by Jim Hansen"

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  1. Matthew L. says

    17 Jan 2010 at 5:45 PM

    #37 CFU
    Wouldn’t want to steal Gavin’s job! ;-)

    This is always the problem with this branch of climate science. If the only way we can tell a trend measured in fractions of a degree is over 30 year timescales, and we have only been measuring temperature (reliably) for a hundred years, then there are simply too few data points to work with – so you have to get into the job of prediction. Not a practice that has a good track record in any field.

    I do think the graphics need sorting out a bit. After all it is the main way climate science communicates with the media.

    I definitely think the temperature charts need a less narrow vertical range and, despite Gavin’s derision, #36 Foobear has a point. Deep blue to deep brown is used to describe whatever temperature variance is being shown on the map. In one it is -4 to +9.6 and in another it is -3.6 to +3.7. This makes it difficult to compare the maps at all. Why not use a more sophisticated ‘absolute’ scale rather than a relative one? Human eyesight is remarkably well attuned to shades of different colours (it is the way JPG images work), so you could use a much finer gradation of tones than you might imagine.

    Another point is that white is generally seen as a ‘hot’ colour, whereas in these graphics white is used as the neutral colour for ‘no change’. As this dominates the picture it makes it look like it is dominated by heat – parboiled even.

    In UK weather reports traditionally green is used as the colour for temperate, er, temperatures. Ever deeper shades of blue are used for sub zero temperatures, mid-green fading to pale yellow for 0 – 20c then yellow merging to orange for temperatures 21 – 30. You could use something similar for the temperature variance in these maps.

    By the way, not a good day for clmate sooth-sayers in the UK press today…
    – World misled over Himalayan glacier meltdown
    http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6991177.ece

    – Al Gore tries to cool ‘climate spin’ by correcting claims of North pole thaw
    http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/copenhagen/article6959509.ece

    – BBC forecast for Met Office: changeable
    http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article6991064.ece

  2. Daniel C. Goodwin says

    17 Jan 2010 at 5:48 PM

    Message 11 and its response deal with popular befuddlement at statements like “Green vertical bar is estimated 95 percent confidence range (two standard deviations) for annual temperature change.”

    This brings to mind the general tone of Hansen’s recent tome (“Storms of my Grandchildren”). I greatly appreciate Hansen’s enthusiasm for sharing the gritty grimy technical details – in case there are some people who really want to understand why and how we know what we know about the climate. I found the whole book intellectually invigorating. But at the same time, it’s hard for me to imagine that most people will have any patience for this sort of thing. And that right there may be where the real hard problem is.

  3. Vinny Burgoo says

    17 Jan 2010 at 6:10 PM

    Can anyone explain why the NSDC/NOAA thinks that UK Decembers were several degrees Celsius colder in 1971-2000 versus 1961-1990 when the UK Met Office reckons they were slightly warmer?

    Latest December anomalies available here:

    http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/anomalygraphs/index.html http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/?report=global&year=2009&month=12&submitted=Get+Report

    Straight to the graphics:

    http://i45.tinypic.com/2gtxhf7.png

  4. moonshine says

    17 Jan 2010 at 6:17 PM

    to #3 – Hansen does support replacement technology such as nuclear power, read his writings.

    Even [edit] Greenpeace (as opposed to scientists) dropped their opposition to nuclear energy. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NP_Greenpeace_change_the_politics_1310091.html

    Perhaps later this year Greenpeace is going to tell us that they actually always supported nuclear energy, everyone just misunderstood … :D

  5. Hank Roberts says

    17 Jan 2010 at 6:19 PM

    Mark:
    > 1950s and 1960s

    You can look this stuff up; reading for yourself will probably be much more helpful to you, once you think it through, than getting some guy on a blog to type some fragmentary answer from memory. Suggestions:

    start here

    https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2007/08/the-co2-problem-in-6-easy-steps/

    http://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Arealclimate.org+global+dimming
    finds, among much else:
    https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2005/01/global-dimming/
    https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2005/01/global-dimming-ii/

    http://www.google.com/search?q=“clean+air+act”+”global+warming”+aerosol+sulfate+temperature
    finds, among much else:
    http://stanfordreview.org/old_archives/Archive/Volume_XXXVI/Issue_8/Opinions/opinions1.shtml

  6. Hank Roberts says

    17 Jan 2010 at 6:21 PM

    Oops. Double quotes don’t work inside WordPress example Google links, they break; copy and paste those into the Google search box
    “clean+air+act”+”global+warming”+aerosol+sulfate+temperature

  7. Ian Turney says

    17 Jan 2010 at 6:27 PM

    Its worth noting that in the southern hemisphere Australia has just had the warmest decade on record and for the last few months has been experiencing record and mid 40C temps two months before their normal peak in that range. Whilst here in New Zealand we have had one of our coldest January (Summer)months largely driven by El Nino, allowing cold Antarctic air to push up into the Southern Ocean. So the extremes keep getting more extreme. But the mirror Pole affects both in the northern and southern hemispheres is interesting that instability is occuring with the result that some regions within both hemispheres are experiencing unexpected and extreme cold and warmth.

  8. François Marchand says

    17 Jan 2010 at 6:28 PM

    A bit off topic, but… The urban heat effect does exist, and we have proof of it right here in Paris : nowadays, on a regular basis, on the pavement of our capital city, one can see olive trees bloom , and one can even pluck ripe olives from them. Fifty miles away from Paris, and even a couple hundred miles down South, it still is impossible to witness such events.
    True, but think about that for a sec. : fifty years ago, that would have been utterly unthinkable. No olive tree in its right mind would have survived North of the 45th parallel. Actually, drawing a bit adventurous plans on the future, some Brits have even started planting olive trees in Southern England.
    For about a week, we had to bear with what is now called a “cold wave” : temperatures barely went down below five degrees C, at night only…

  9. David B. Benson says

    17 Jan 2010 at 6:28 PM

    Mark (49) — Nobody is quite sure. Sulfates and other aerosols from industrialization without pollution controls?

  10. Al Fresco says

    17 Jan 2010 at 6:31 PM

    Thank you for the informative article.

    I have recently gotten myself into a debate with a denier in the letters section of my local newspaper. I am not a climate scientist and rely heavily on mainstream science websites such as RealClimate to help me substantiate the scientific consensus on global warming.

    Recently my opponent brought up the report by Smith and D’Aleo which is proliferating in the denial-o-sphere under inflammatory titles such as “NASA Caught in Climate Data Manipulation; New Revelations…”

    This report is now enjoying an inordinate amount of underserved media attention. I trust that the community of climate scientist appreciates the necessity (and urgency) of preparing a rebuttal directed at clarifying specific issues raised in this polemic. I know I am anxiously awaiting its completion so that I can set the record straight.

  11. Joel Shore says

    17 Jan 2010 at 6:51 PM

    #49 (Mark): I believe that the lack of warming in the mid-twentieth century is understood to be mainly due to the rapid increase in anthropogenic aerosol pollutants at a time when greenhouse gas levels were rising but not yet that high. This view is supported by the different temperature behavior seen in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (since most of the pollutants were released and remained in the Northern Hemisphere). There may also have been some natural contributions to cooling from a few large volcanic eruptions and from a reduction…or at least secession of increase…in solar luminosity.

    Note that the responses to aerosol pollutants and to greenhouse gases (CO2 in particular) are somewhat different because the concentration of aerosols is roughly proportional to their rate of emission (because their lifetime in the atmosphere is short) while the concentration of CO2 is roughly proportional to the cumulative (integrated) emissions over time. In such a scenario, it is possible for the cooling effects of the aerosols to dominate at early times but the warming effects of greenhouse gases to surpass them at later times. (Of course, the details of the rate of emissions, and in particular, the fact that emissions of aerosol pollutants decreased in most developed countries later in the century due to pollution controls, also plays a role.)

  12. tharanga says

    17 Jan 2010 at 7:00 PM

    I mangled my comment in 50 a bit. Meant to say that annual data are less noisy than monthly, and so on.

    In any case, I’d appreciate if anybody can clarify what the authors are saying there. I also don’t grasp what we’re to draw from the comparison between Fig 8 and Fig 9. Perhaps I’m a little slow today.

  13. Chris Squire [UK] says

    17 Jan 2010 at 7:30 PM

    tharanga: I think the answer to your question is ‘yes’: there is a confusion here between the ‘range’ and ‘average’ of a set of anomalies.

    cjs London: 0030 hrs.

  14. Chris Dudley says

    17 Jan 2010 at 7:38 PM

    It seems to me that the explanation of the Arctic Oscillation Index may differ from that of other groups. NSIDC calls the negative phase the time when the Arctic Sea Level Air Pressure is high http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/patterns/arctic_oscillation.html Similarly here: http://jisao.washington.edu/ao/

    The present post would seem to come into agreement with those descriptions if high pressure is switched with low and low with high. Then, a negative excursion in the Index still leads to low temperatures (here at mid-northern latitudes) in all descriptions and makes more physical sense in terms of how wind patterns respond I think.

    [Response: ?? They are consistent. The AO was very negative in December which is a high pressure at the pole, combined with low pressure in the mid-latitudes. – gavin]

    [Further response: Sorry! There was an error in the Fig 6 caption. Fixed now. – gavin]

  15. wayne davidson says

    17 Jan 2010 at 7:42 PM

    Great article by the GISS group, much appreciated.

    I observe -AO driven largely by clouds heat combination, where as a strong High pressure usually over the Arctic Ocean Gyre (North of Alaska) current has clear air creating cooling in winter long night so strong there is a “punch” at its center actually creating a break in the ice as if High pressure center air has a heavy footprint. The opposite, a dominant Low Pressure is a sign of clouds heat exchange between the Arctic Ocean and lower cloud decks. Clouds predominated until recently, now taking a look, the ice appears extremely “loose” “cracked” , rather fluid. Surface (and Upperr Air) temperatures were unusually above normal, and so wind storms more frequent , exacerbating ice fluidity. a lack of sea ice consolidation is in the making by the once usual and now missing extreme long night cooling means next time a High pressure, or a stong positive AO appears, there will be great flushing NE of Greenland . I believe -AO and moderate to strong EL-Nino are a tandem, as or if El-Nino fades towards being La-Nina like in 1998, AO will turn positive making Arctic Ocean ice more vulnerable to the rising towards solstice sun, by lack of clouds and exacerbated flushing, possibily recreating a 2007 extreme melt event, however starting from a much thinner, more fluid pack ice base. a bad year for Arctic Ocean pack ice cover is highly likely…

  16. Jim Bouldin says

    17 Jan 2010 at 7:47 PM

    Matthew L (51), seriously, what are you talking about? Suppose we measure temperature in deg C x 10, or x 100. Will those larger values somehow convince you of the “significance” of a documented temperature change? Or if measured in C/10, make you even less convinced. The units, and the way those units are expressed in graphs, are beside the point. The point is the degree to which physical and biological processes are affected by a given change in thermal energy, regardless of its units. Forest fuels, spring snowpacks, and glacier mass balances don’t care too much about the units etched on mercury thermometers.

  17. Don Shor says

    17 Jan 2010 at 7:49 PM

    28 Jim Bouldin says:
    17 January 2010 at 3:11 PM
    Don Shor says:
    Figure 4 undercuts the use of the term “strong” for the last decade of that three-decade period. Unfortunately, this is the sort of imprecise language that causes problems.

    The “problem”, I would say, is in how you fail to recognize that the statement in the article is referring to a 30 year period, not to any individual 10 year period. Seems pretty clear to me.
    If you show a chart illustrating that in the last decade of the 30-year period the rate of global temperature increase has slowed, it is not precise to say that the 30 year period shows a strong increase.

    31 Doug Bostrom says:
    17 January 2010 at 3:28 PM

    Perhaps it would be better if the phrase was “summarizing all of the available data, we see a long‐term warming trend that has become strong and persistent over the past three decades” or something to that effect.

    No, over two of the past three decades. The rate of global temperature increase over the last decade has been at the low end of the “expected” range (I hesitate to use the term “projected” range). And overall the warming trend has been persistent over many decades. There is variability.

    35 Completely Fed Up says:
    17 January 2010 at 3:45 PM
    And when they’re on the line, the communicator isn’t the problem: zombie ears don’t hear too good.
    I really don’t understand why juvenile name-calling of this sort continues to be allowed on thjs blog. For the record, I’m not a denialist, nor even a skeptic. I just have an aversion to imprecise statements by scientists, and to exaggerations by the media.
    My father was a geophysicist (at Scripps), who taught me to be cautious about scientists who had found or sought the limelight, for two reasons:
    1. when quoted by the media, their statements tend to be misquoted or distorted.
    2. those who seek the limelight often lose their professional objectivity.
    Scientists need to be objective and accurate. Dr. Hansen is arguably the most prominent scientist in the whole field of climate change. He needs to speak very carefully, to avoid and discourage exaggerations, and needs to write his conclusions very accurately.

    49 Mark says:
    17 January 2010 at 5:26 PM
    What is the scientifically accepted reason for the lack of warming during the 50s and 60s?
    Aerosols.

  18. Doug Bostrom says

    17 Jan 2010 at 7:54 PM

    Al Fresco says: 17 January 2010 at 6:31 PM

    “Recently my opponent brought up the report by Smith and D’Aleo which is proliferating in the denial-o-sphere…”

    “This report is now enjoying an inordinate amount of underserved media attention. I trust that the community of climate scientist appreciates the necessity (and urgency) of preparing a rebuttal directed at clarifying specific issues raised in this polemic.”

    Huh. I took a quick look around and cannot find much media coverage of this, but lots of reverberation in the doubter community. A quick survey found the story in the UK’s Telegraph, which is sort of an official extension to WUWT and CA, not elsewhere.

    Excerpt:

    “What it shows is that, just like in Britain at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) temperature data records have been grotesquely distorted by activist scientists in order to exaggerate the appearance of late 20th century global warming. They achieved this – with an insouciant disregard for scientific integrity which quite beggars belief – through the simple expedient of ignoring most of those weather station sited in higher, colder places and using mainly ones in warmer spots. Then, they averaged out the temperature readings given by the warmer stations to give a global average. Et voila: exactly the scary “climate change” they needed to persuade bodies like the IPCC that AGW was a clear and present danger requiring urgent pan-governmental action.

    The man who spotted all this is a computer programmer called EM Smith – aka the Chiefio. You can read the full report at his excellent blog. ”

    http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/jamesdelingpole/100022474/climategate-goes-american-noaa-giss-and-the-mystery-of-the-vanishing-weather-stations/

    If you go and visit the “Chiefio” blog, you’ll find a level of discussion that’s even worse than WUWT. It’s like dropping into the locker room of a football team losing badly: all hollow bluster and boo-ya, bereft of winning points, more than a bit smelly.

    Poor Telegraph, the company they have to keep.

    Not to say that a match dropped into poor fuel by an arsonist cannot erupt into a destructive fire. The message conveyed by Chiefio and his band of apes is familiar: “Government scientists are corrupt, you cannot trust data.” The Big Lie, repeated by little teeny tiny pipsqueaks, laughable on its face. Yet if your ankles are gnawed by enough yapping Pomeranians, you may yet bleed to death.

    Somebody with authority ought to do a response that’s not buried in comments thread.

  19. Richard Ordway says

    17 Jan 2010 at 7:58 PM

    re # 3 Dennis Baker said: “Mr Hansen you have demonstrated at Fossil Fuel powered electrical generating facilities, and testified for greenpeace activists whom have demonstrated at Fossil Fuel powered electrical generating facilities!

    yet to the best of my knowledge neither you or greenpeace support replacement technolgies, why is that?”

    Jim Hansen publishes articles in major peer reviewed journals that stand up over time (unlike Lindzen, Pielke, Singer, Soon and most other contrarians). Jim Hansen’s scientific work (in the journals and conferences)is considered outstanding.

  20. Jim Bullis, Miastrada Co. says

    17 Jan 2010 at 8:19 PM

    44 Doug Bostrom,

    Right you are about my point, except I am trying to point out that the energy going into the oceans, deep ocean that is, is huge compared to the little bits that seem to actually stick to the air.

    And I am trying to find out how this is accounted for in the climate modeling. In pursuit of this, I keep finding descriptions that suggest that it is not accounted for at all, or in some cases, not adequately.

    Are all the arguments about atmospheric temperature missing the bigger issue of ocean temperature?

  21. Hank Roberts says

    17 Jan 2010 at 8:36 PM

    > Al Fresco
    > D’Aleo
    Easy to rebut. My opinion (just another reader here, mind you): Tell people not to expect you to do their research for them; you shouldn’t feel the need to try to encompass in letter columns of a local newspaper a real research effort worthy of a high school senior. Give them a few pointers, point out that the guy’s a PR expert not a scientist, and makes things up. That’s easy to confirm.
    http://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Ascienceblogs.com%2Fdeltoid+d'aleo

    Trying to rebut every bunk point raised in every newspaper letters column is, well, not very focused.

    This should suffice:
    http://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fmoregrumbinescience.blogspot.com%2F+d'aleo

    Need more? Do the obvious searches, for example
    http://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Arealclimate.org+d'aleo
    http://www.google.com/search?q=sourcewatch+d'aleo

  22. Hank Roberts says

    17 Jan 2010 at 8:38 PM

    Urk. WordPress doesn’t handle apostrophes in links to searches; you’ll need to copy those out and paste them into your browser navigation box for them to open properly for you.

  23. Tim Jones says

    17 Jan 2010 at 9:08 PM

    Re: 49 Mark says:

    “What is the scientifically accepted reason for the lack of warming during the 50s and 60s?”

    Frequently Asked Question 9.2
    http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/pd/climate/factsheets/canwarming.pdf
    (excerpt)
    “In the early part of the 20th century, global average temperature rose, during which time greenhouse gas concentrations started to rise, solar output was probably increasing and there was little volcanic activity.
    During the 1950s and 1960s, average global temperatures levelled off, as increases in aerosols from fossil fuels and other sources cooled the planet. The eruption of Mt. Agung in 1963 also put large quantities of reflective dust into the upper atmosphere. The rapid warming observed since the 1970s has occurred in a period when the increase in greenhouse
    gases has dominated over all other factors.”

    Use Google

  24. Richard Ordway says

    17 Jan 2010 at 9:17 PM

    “The urban heat effect does exist, and we have proof of it right here in Paris : nowadays, on a regular basis, on the pavement of our capital city, one can see olive trees bloom , and one can even pluck ripe olives from them. Fifty miles away from Paris, and even a couple hundred miles down South, it still is impossible to witness such events.”

    I don’t know what you are implying? Do you not think that mainstream science has not deeply looked into this (especially the big oil-paid contrarians?) and taken it into account in the open peer reviewed process under intense scrutiny many years ago? We have been studying climate factors since at least 1824 (Fourier)[energy imbalance]. Scientifically, the heat island effect is extremely old news. Even the contrarians (whose work does not stand up over time in the journals) have stopped raising this issue.

    What do you think happens if the Earth’s urban heat island effect temperatures are totally eliminated from the Earth’s average temp record…the average still goes up!

    There are no cities where most of the warming is currently happening (the poles) as well and where the warming was first projected to happen most mathematically since 1896 (Arrehenius).

    Here’s a few of the peer-reviewed journal studies on the urban heat island effect alone:

    Howard 1833
    Oke 1987
    Lo C. P et al., 1997
    Camilloni et al.,2004
    Q. Li1 et al., 2004
    Crutzen, 2004
    Price, 1979
    Voogt, 2003
    Baik et al., 2001
    H Taha, 1997
    SM Khan, 2001
    Y Delage, 1970
    KP Gallo et al., 1993
    DB Olfe et al., 1971
    BW Atkinson et al., 2003
    SH Schneider, 1989
    H Taha, 1988
    AC Comrie, 2000
    JS Golden et al., 2006
    TR Karl et al., 1988
    TR Oke et al., 1991
    L Jiahong et al., 1998
    M Santamouris et al., 2004
    JL McElroy et al., 1993
    Y Shimoda et al,. 2003
    H KUSAKA, 2004
    GT Johnson, 1991
    SM Khan, 2001
    MA McGeehin et al., 2001
    A Haines et al., 2004
    L Xuechun et al., 2005
    JM Giovannoni et al., 1987
    HE Landsberg et al., 1970
    E JAUREGUI et al., 2009
    JA Winkler et al., 1981
    H Taha et al., 1999
    DR Streutker et al., 2002
    PP Childs et al., 2005
    M Santamouris et al., 2007
    DJ Sailor et al., 2004
    AJ Brazel et al., 2002
    M Colacino et al., 1982
    A Iino et al., 1996
    IPCC 1997, 2001, 2007

    …There are probably quadruple this number or more of mainstream peer reviewed journal studies on the heat island effect… This is an extremely well studied subject. Now think of how many there are for global warming dating to 1824 which refer to studies from the 1700s/1600s on panes of glass and boxes with them retaining heat with them.

    …and this is not a comprehensive list or of those including all the studies of the urban heat island effect done of individual cities such as Anchorage, New York City, Athens, etc….

  25. Ray Ladbury says

    17 Jan 2010 at 9:22 PM

    Al Fresco, As usual, Smith and D’Aleo is much ado about nothing. First, it affects only a couple of stations. Second, the data concerned are anomalies, not absolute temperatures, which tend to correlate better over different topography. Gavin has discussed this on the Unforced Variations2 post

  26. Tim Jones says

    17 Jan 2010 at 9:58 PM

    Re:51 Matthew L. says:

    “By the way, not a good day for clmate sooth-sayers in the UK press today…”
    – World misled over Himalayan glacier meltdown
    http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6991177.ece

    I’m not so sure Times Online is an unbiased resource.
    Perhaps better discussion on the subject in a parallel report is here:

    “Satellite images show Himalayan glacier receded 1.5 km in 30 years”
    http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/297875satellite-images-show-himalayan-glacier-receded-15-km-in-30-years.html
    (excerpt)
    “Rajendra Pachauri, chairman of the IPCC, blasted the research, calling it “unsubstantiated” and said “ We do need more extensive measurement of the Himalayan range but it is clear from satellite pictures what is happening.” He likened the explanations to “climate change deniers and school boy science”.
    “Raina admits in his paper that there is a lack of available data. For the moment long-term data exists for only 20 to 30 Himalayan glaciers and that there was only one automated weather station recording climatic data in the Himalayas, he said.”
    “According to Raina, all glaciers under observation in the Himalayan region during the past three decades have shown cumulative negative mass balance (determined by annual snow precipitation). Degradation of the glacier mass has been the highest in Jammu and Kashmir state, relatively lower in Himachal Pradesh region, even less in Uttarakhand, and the lowest in Sikkim — showing a declining trend from the north-west to the north-east.”
    […]

    I don’t think we can relax just yet. Though the IPCC was embarrassed, climate scientists caught themselves on this one.
    (excerpt from TimesOnline)
    “Last week the IPCC refused to comment so it has yet to explain how someone who admits to little expertise on glaciers was overseeing such a report. Perhaps its one consolation is that the blunder was spotted by climate scientists who quickly made it public.”

  27. Lynn Vincentnathan says

    17 Jan 2010 at 10:29 PM

    #9, Leanan, I tend to look for other evidence, rather than trying to decide who’s right on particular issues. The fact that glaciers around the world are melting and shrinking, ice disappearing in the Arctic, and ice sheets disintegrating and breaking off in the Antarctic tells me it’s warming.

  28. nigel jones says

    17 Jan 2010 at 10:33 PM

    Good article. But the satellite data for the upper atmosphere show 1998 as the warmest year to date and a general trend closer to the Hadcrut graph.

    Isnt this the most accurate data? Doesnt this indicate at least a significant slowing in global warming since 1998? Why is the giss and upper atmosphere satellite data different?

    Im not a sceptic and have studied a little climatology a million years ago. I may be missing something obvious but an explanation would help.

  29. evagrius says

    17 Jan 2010 at 11:00 PM

    Could someone give a response, ( in the media), to this?

    It would be nice to see a refutation intelligible to laypeople, ( such as myself).

    http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1242011/DAVID-ROSE-The-mini-ice-age-starts-here.html

  30. Septic Matthew says

    17 Jan 2010 at 11:14 PM

    Figure 1a shows 2009 as the second warmest year, but it is so close to 1998, 2002, 2003, 2006, and 2007 that we must declare these years as being in a virtual tie as the second warmest year. The maximum difference among these in the GISS analysis is ~0.03°C (2009 being the warmest among those years and 2006 the coolest). This range is approximately equal to our 1‐sigma uncertainty of ~0.025°C, which is the reason for stating that these five years are tied for second warmest.

    Well Said.

  31. Septic Matthew says

    17 Jan 2010 at 11:25 PM

    It looks like the warming over the 20th century is about 0.9C. Is that a generally accepted figure, or fair interpretation of the graph (or both)?

  32. Philip Machanick says

    17 Jan 2010 at 11:31 PM

    Tim Jones #76: I must say I was a bit surprised when I looked up the IPCC report and there it was, a reference to WWF, 2005 (my response was another acronym, WTF?).

    I’m sure errors have slipped into the IPCC’s reports. The only puzzle is why this one took so long to surface. Contrast this with the extremely careful handling of sea level rise, where contributions from melting ice caps were removed if modelling wasn’t considered reliable.

    On the other hand, from “sceptics” I still get reports that satellite data shows no warming, a claim that was discredited in 2005. There is a double standard here: the slightest error on the side of the mainstream is blown up out of all proportion, whereas egregious errors on the denial side are simply ignored.

    Finally, thanks RC team for this article. A nice piece of work.

  33. Joel Shore says

    17 Jan 2010 at 11:37 PM

    Re #79 (evagrius): One thing that to look at is simply how horrendously shoddy and biased the reporting in that article is. One of the major climate scientists quoted (Latif) says that article misinterpreted his research: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jan/11/climate-change-global-warming-mojib-latif Folks from Britain may be able to give you a better perspective, but my impression is that the Daily Mail is not exactly thought of as a serious newspaper, to put it mildly.

  34. Doug Bostrom says

    17 Jan 2010 at 11:37 PM

    Jim Bullis, Miastrada Co. says: 17 January 2010 at 8:19 PM

    “Right you are about my point, except I am trying to point out that the energy going into the oceans, deep ocean that is, is huge compared to the little bits that seem to actually stick to the air.

    And I am trying to find out how this is accounted for in the climate modeling. In pursuit of this, I keep finding descriptions that suggest that it is not accounted for at all, or in some cases, not adequately.”

    Perhaps it’s one of those questions that’s been asked so many times, nobody can stand to answer it again? Not your fault if you’re last in the queue. For that matter perhaps you were not insulting enough when answering the question, heh.

    If the ocean heat sink were not accounted for at all, the models would be wildly off.

    If I remember correctly you were originally wondering less about the absence of oceans in the model, more about what level of detail is involved?

    Given the enormous capacity of even the first kilometer of ocean, presumably it can be treated as a lump with enormous inertia for the time being. This paper seems to suggest so, though it’s kind of a fossil:

    http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0442/11/6/pdf/i1520-0442-11-6-1115.pdf

    My caveman knowledge of thermodynamics tells me, the more heat is pushed into the ocean the harder it’s going to push back. As the ocean becomes more saturated, it stands to reason that more detail in the models will be helpful.

    It’s really big. It’s really cold. Can’t you just tell what a super expert genius I am on this!?

  35. Mark says

    17 Jan 2010 at 11:47 PM

    Re: 1950s and 1960s – Thank you Hank, David, Joel and Don. Quite helpful!

  36. Al Fresco says

    17 Jan 2010 at 11:54 PM

    Thanks to all. Your comments have been most helpful.

    I still think, however, that it would be beneficial to the cause to have a more comprehensive response to the Smith/D’Aleo article.

  37. Jefferson says

    18 Jan 2010 at 12:03 AM

    @ 67

    >> those who seek the limelight often lose their professional objectivity <<<

    Scientists are often criticized for not getting their research out to the public. Now if we try, we're also damned.

    You're concerns are valid but self-correcting.

  38. dhogaza says

    18 Jan 2010 at 12:08 AM

    Ray:

    Al Fresco, As usual, Smith and D’Aleo is much ado about nothing. First, it affects only a couple of stations. Second, the data concerned are anomalies, not absolute temperatures, which tend to correlate better over different topography.

    Yeah, well, one might imagine people long ago talking about “maritime environments”.

    Surely, though, they were proto-commie-pinko-hippy-freak-genocidal-maniacs.

    What other kind of person would notice fronts blowing off the ocean and dominating the weather?

  39. Hank Roberts says

    18 Jan 2010 at 12:08 AM

    >Daily Mail … mini ice age

    http://scienceblogs.com/stoat/2010/01/latif_keenlyside_cooling_revis.php
    “… In the hotly contested competition to see who are the biggest tossers in the british newspaper industry there has been an early entry this year by the Daily Mail: The mini ice age starts….”

  40. Richard Ordway says

    18 Jan 2010 at 12:30 AM

    re 79 Evagrius wrote: “”Could someone give a response, (in the media), to this?”” (they already have-RO).

    “”The bitter winter afflicting much of the Northern Hemisphere is only the start of a global trend towards cooler weather that is likely to last for 20 or 30 years, say some of the world’s most eminent climate scientists.

    Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1242011/DAVID-ROSE-The-mini-ice-age-starts-here.html#ixzz0cw8p3gxI“”

    “”It would be nice to see a refutation intelligible to laypeople””

    Urrrr… *what global cooling trend????*

    Lots of the globe is currently experiencing *record warming*. Doesn’t anyone read? Global warming means GLOBAL (averages). This regional cooling has been covered in the last two threads.

    Certain people are on purposely ignoring this highly visible and understandable information although it is publicly available. It is unbelievable that people are falling for this. This stuff is easy for anyone to understand.

    The parts of the Earth currently cooling (as opposed to parts of the Earth which are currently warming) are most likely linked to a regional effect of an interlinked high and low pressure system (NAO)which is known to be at an extreme level right now (and still only affects parts of the globe in spite of this).

    Okay…. all this back and forth stuff you seem to hear in the media is granted, I guess, a bit confusing. But don’t believe the media with its hype of immediate death by the ice ages, Y2K, bird flu, etc. They have to sell copy and they (and talk show hosts) are as much scientists as my German Shepherd. You need to read the peer review journals where there is no talk of global cooling that stands up over time and never has been (and don’t count National Geographic, Time or Newsweek as journals either…not to insult them but “they ain’t publishing scientists.”

    http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2009/20090916_globalstats.html
    http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/daily_ao_index/ao_index.html
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_atlantic_oscillation
    WMO global 2009 temperature analysis:
    http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_869_en.html

  41. Didactylos says

    18 Jan 2010 at 12:34 AM

    Matthew L.: You have it backwards. When choosing ranges and scales for a graph, the goal is to clearly show the information that is of interest. When discussing global warming, the primary thing of interest is the trend, on century and decadal scales.

    What is not of interest is the month to month and year to year weather noise. If you just chart what the thermometer outside your window shows every day, then you could waste a decade and you would never, ever get anything that hints of global warming. To trot out an old trope, you wouldn’t see the wood for the trees.

    Your only motive in wanting to concentrate on the noise and ignore the trend must be so that you can justify inaction. Well, the trend is there, and only the most egregious of liars have managed to hide it by messing with the scales as you suggest.

    Manipulating a graph so that a statistically significant trend becomes invisible is simple deception. And yes, some deniers do stoop that low.

  42. Didactylos says

    18 Jan 2010 at 12:41 AM

    evagrius, it’s just tabloid nonsense. I don’t think any of the cited scientists agree with a word of it.

    Frankly, anyone getting their “science” from a tabloid like the Daily Mail deserves to be misled.

  43. jyyh says

    18 Jan 2010 at 1:01 AM

    First, I’m not really an expert on oceanic cycles.
    My interpretation of Latif et. al is that they seem to think the melt of the arctic has reached a level that induces colder winters in Atlantic coasts. Once theres enough water coming from arctic it induces the type of weather pattern seen this past month. My guess is they expect this weather pattern to continue whole year around in the future. On contrast, this IMHO would mean rapid warming in north Pacific – Siberia – Arctic Canada, as they do not deny the increasing greenhouse effect that is a result of anthropogenic interruption of natural carbon cycles (Rising CO2 -> sightly risen temperatures (oceanic and land) -> Slightly risen methane and clathrate outbreaks -> a bit more risen temperatures -> increased ice melt in Greenland -> Gulf stream stays diverted -> locally cooler in the areas near by.) I’d say ‘Local North Atlantic Micro-Nano Cool Period may start here’ to tone it down. If true, agriculture will be less affected here than elsewhere, if you want the positive aspect. I think the global climate is the result of balances between tropics (namely, ITCZ) and both poles (partly secluded by the polar jetstream), if that is of any help in thinking this.

    On another matter, the SH was 2nd warmest when the NH was much lower in the placement in 2009 according to GISS averages. Has there been some unusual weather phenomenon during winter 2008-2009 that has leaked some of the NH temperature rise to the SH?

  44. jeannick says

    18 Jan 2010 at 1:53 AM

    .

    There seems to be little debate on the most visible , most important effect of Climate , weather or seasons , the water cycle
    The power involved are enormous , at the human scale , clouds and precipitations , either rain or snow , are the most appreciable manifestation of weather for the layman or professionals in many fields
    on any discussion on the weather

    The hydrological cycle is a pump removing heat from the liquid water interface and flinging millions of tonnes up in the atmosphere ,
    that amount of work must be accounted for
    evaporation can cool whole landmasses in the matter of hours ,
    those process are understood in their principle since centuries but it’s hardly discussed as a forcing ,even less quantified

    the only thing I could find was

    http://www.arm.gov/science/highlights/RNzQ=/view

    http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/30/26/55/PDF/npg-12-741-2005.pdf

    http://olmo.elet.polimi.it/climate/nature02/HydrologicCycle.pdf

    is there some further research available on the subject of the hydrological cycle feedback on the climate ?

    .

  45. Anonymous says

    18 Jan 2010 at 3:03 AM

    Maybe you can address these claims.
    [edit]
    The detailed report by D’Aleo is available at http://icecap.us/images/uploads/NOAAroleinclimategate.pdf

    [Response: Here. – gavin]

  46. Molnar says

    18 Jan 2010 at 3:37 AM

    evagrius (79):
    http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/jan/11/climate-change-global-warming-mojib-latif

  47. moonshine says

    18 Jan 2010 at 3:42 AM

    Re evagrius 79: It was on ClimateProgress recently:
    http://climateprogress.org/2010/01/14/science-dr-mojib-latif-global-warming-cooling/

  48. Urs Neu says

    18 Jan 2010 at 4:26 AM

    An update of the ENSO-corrected global temperature (i.e. global temperature corrected for the ENSO induced interannual variations) presented in https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2008/07/global-trends-and-enso/ would be interesting and an alternative to the 5y running mean.

    A simple statistical correction for the ENSO influence (GT minus 0.1*half-year-timelagged-MEI-Index; derived from the correlations of the last 40 years) shows that 2009 was the warmest year in the record if the ENSO influence is taken into account. This seems to be the case for all available global data sets (GISS, HadCRUT, NOAA), although the HadCRUT data set is not yet available to the end of the year.

    If taking into account the current solar minimum, too, 2009 is a clear leader.

  49. Completely Fed Up says

    18 Jan 2010 at 4:39 AM

    “Good article. But the satellite data for the upper atmosphere show 1998 as the warmest year to date and a general trend closer to the Hadcrut graph.

    Isnt this the most accurate data?”

    So the CRU data is now the most accurate…

  50. Barton Paul Levenson says

    18 Jan 2010 at 4:39 AM

    JB: The 10×10^23 Joules that went into the ocean from 1985 to 2005 would raise the air temp by 7.46 degrees C if that energy had gone into the atmosphere instead.

    BPL: If it happened all at once, yes. If it happened at the same RATE it had gone into the ocean, most of it would have radiated away into space by now.

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