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You are here: Home / Extras / Glossary / Little Ice Age (“LIA”) Petit Âge Glaciaire

Little Ice Age (“LIA”) Petit Âge Glaciaire

28 Nov 2004 by group

Term originally introduced in the late 1930s by Matthes (1939) to describe a broad interval of the late Holocene during which significant glacial advances were observed. In the climatological literature the LIA has now come to be used to characterize a more recent, shorter recent interval from around A.D. 1300 to 1450 until A.D. 1850 to 1900 during which regional evidence in Europe and elsewhere suggest generally cold conditions. Variations in the literature abound with regard to the precise definition, and the term is often used by paleoclimatologists and glaciologists without formal dates attached. The attribution of the term at regional scales is complicated by significant regional variations in temperature changes due to the the influence of modes of climate variability such as the North Atlantic Oscillation and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation. Indeed, the utility of the term in describing past climate changes at regionalTerme employé pour la première fois a la fin des années 1930 par Matthes (1939) pour décrire une large période de temps de la fin de l’Holocene, période pendant laquelle des avancées significatives des glaciers ont été observées. Dans les revues de climatologie, le Petit Âge Glaciaire est utilisé désormais pour caractériser un intervalle récent allant d’environ 1300-1450 ans ap. J.C. jusqu’à environ 1850-1900, période pendant laquelle des conditions généralement froides sont observées en Europe et ailleurs. La définition exacte de cette période varie dans la littérature scientifique, et ce terme est souvent employé par les paléoclimatologues et les glaciologues sans que des dates précises ne le contraigne.
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scales has been questioned [see e.g. Jones, P.D., Mann, M.E., Climate Over Past Millennia, Reviews of Geophysics, 42, RG2002, doi: 10.1029/2003RG000143, 2004 and references therein.] A number of myths or exaggerations can still be found in the literature with regard to the details of this climate period [see Jones and Mann, 2004]. These include the citation of frost fairs on the River Thames as evidence of extreme cold conditions in England. Thames freeze-overs (and sometimes frost fairs) only occurred 22 times between 1408 and 1814 [Lamb, 1977] when the old London Bridge constricted flow through its multiple piers and restricted the tide with a weir. After the Bridge was replaced in the 1830s the tide came further upstream and freezes no longer occurred, despite a number of exceptionally cold winters. Winter 1962/3, for example, was the third coldest winter recorded in instrumental records extending back to 1659, yet the river only froze upstream of the present tidal limit. It is also sometimes claimed that the extreme cold of the “Little Ice Age” impeded the navigation of a Northwest Passage in the Canadian Arctic during the early 19th century. However, an exhaustive study of 19th century explorer logs for the region yields no evidence of conditions that would be considered unusually cold by modern standards.

See also “Medieval Warm Period”.

L’attribution de ce terme aux échelles régionales est compliqué par des variations significatives a cette échelle spatiale des changements de température, changements dus a l’influence de modes de variabilité climatique comme l’Oscillation Nord Atlantique et l’El Niño-Oscillation Australe. En effet, l’utilité de ce terme pour la description de changements a l’échelle régionale a été mis en cause (voir par exemple : Jones, P.D., Mann, M.E., Climate Over Past Millennia, Reviews of Geophysics, 42, RG2002, doi: 10.1029/2003RG000143, 2004 et références incluses). Un certain nombre de “mythes” ou exagérations peuvent toujours être trouvés dans la littérature au sujet de cette période climatique [voir Jones and Mann, 2004]. Celles-ci incluent par exemple les périodes de glaciation de la Tamise (NdT : pour plus de détails se reporter a la définition originale). Il est également suggéré que le froid extrême du “Petit Âge Glaciaire” empêcha la navigation dans le passage du Nord-Ouest au début du 19ème siècle, mais une étude exhaustive des relevés des explorateurs dans la région ne fournit aucune évidence indicatrice de conditions anormalement froides en regard des conditions modernes.

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