We’ve had a policy of (mostly) not commenting on the various drafts, misquotes and mistaken readings of the Fourth Assessment report (“AR4” to those in the acronym loop) of the IPCC. Now that the summary for policy makers (or “SPM”) has actually been published though, we can discuss the substance of the report without having to worry that the details will change. This post will only be our first cut at talking about the whole report. We plan on going chapter by chapter, hopefully explaining the key issues and the remaining key uncertainties over the next few months. This report will be referenced repeatedly over the next few years, and so we can take the time to do a reasonable job explaining what’s in it and why.
First of all, given the science that has been done since the Third Assessment Report (“TAR”) of 2001 – much of which has been discussed here – no one should be surprised that AR4 comes to a stronger conclusion. In particular, the report concludes that human influences on climate are ‘very likely’ (> 90% chance) already detectable in observational record; increased from ‘likely’ (> 66% chance) in the TAR. Key results here include the simulations for the 20th Century by the latest state-of-the-art climate models which demonstrate that recent trends cannot be explained without including human-related increases in greenhouse gases, and consistent evidence for ocean heating, sea ice melting, glacier melting and ecosystem shifts. This makes the projections of larger continued changes ‘in the pipeline’ (particularly under “business as usual” scenarios) essentially indisputable.
Given all of the hoopla since the TAR, many of us were curious to see what the new report would have to say about paleoclimate reconstructions of the past 1000 years. Contrarians will no doubt be disappointed here. The conclusions have been significantly strengthened relative to what was in the TAR, something that of course should have been expected given the numerous additional studies that have since been done that all point in the same direction. The conclusion that large-scale recent warmth likely exceeds the range seen in past centuries has been extended from the past 1000 years in the TAR, to the past 1300 years in the current report, and the confidence in this conclusion has been upped from “likely” in the TAR to “very likely” in the current report for the past half millennium. This is just one of the many independent lines of evidence now pointing towards a clear anthropogenic influence on climate, but given all of the others, the paleoclimate reconstructions are now even less the central pillar of evidence for the human influence on climate than they have been incorrectly portrayed to be.
The uncertainties in the science mainly involve the precise nature of the changes to be expected, particularly with respect to sea level rise, El Niño changes and regional hydrological change – drought frequency and snow pack melt, mid-latitude storms, and of course, hurricanes. It can be fun parsing the discussions on these topics (and we expect there will be substantial press comment on them), but that shouldn’t distract from the main and far more solid conclusions above.
The process of finalising the SPM (which is well described here and here) is something that can seem a little odd. Government representatives from all participating nations take the draft summary (as written by the lead authors of the individual chapters) and discuss whether the text truly reflects the underlying science in the main report. The key here is to note that what the lead authors originally came up with is not necessarily the clearest or least ambiguous language, and so the governments (for whom the report is being written) are perfectly entitled to insist that the language be modified so that the conclusions are correctly understood by them and the scientists. It is also key to note that the scientists have to be happy that the final language that is agreed conforms with the underlying science in the technical chapters. The advantage of this process is that everyone involved is absolutely clear what is meant by each sentence. Recall after the National Academies report on surface temperature reconstructions there was much discussion about the definition of ‘plausible’. That kind of thing shouldn’t happen with AR4.
The SPM process also serves a very useful political purpose. Specifically, it allows the governments involved to feel as though they ‘own’ part of the report. This makes it very difficult to later turn around and dismiss it on the basis that it was all written by someone else. This gives the governments a vested interest in making this report as good as it can be (given the uncertainties). There are in fact plenty of safeguards (not least the scientists present) to ensure that the report is not slanted in any one preferred direction. However, the downside is that it can mistakenly appear as if the whole summary is simply up for negotiation. That would be a false conclusion – the negotiations, such as they are, are in fact heavily constrained by the underlying science.
Finally, a few people have asked why the SPM is being released now while the main report is not due to be published for a couple of months. There are a number of reasons – firstly, the Paris meeting has been such a public affair that holding back the SPM until the main report is ready is probably pointless. For the main report itself, it had not yet been proof-read, and there has not yet been enough time to include observational data up until the end of 2006. One final point is that improvements in the clarity of the language from the SPM should be propagated back to the individual chapters in order to remove any superficial ambiguity. The science content will not change.
Had it been up to us, we’d have tried to get everything together so that they could be released at the same time, but maybe that would have been impossible. We note that Arctic Climate Impact Assessment in 2004 also had a similar procedure – which lead to some confusion initially since statements in the summary were not referenced.
How good have previous IPCC reports been at projecting the future? Actually, over the last 16 years (since the first report in 1990), they’ve been remarkably good for CO2 changes, temperature changes but actually underpredicted sea level changes.
When it comes to specific discussions, the two that are going to be mostly in the news are the projections of sea level rise and hurricanes. These issues contain a number of “known unknowns” – things that we know we don’t know. For sea level rise the unknown is how large an effect dynamic shifts in the ice sheets will be. These dynamic changes have already been observed, but are outside the range of what the ice sheet models can deal with (see this previous discussion). That means that their contribution to sea level rise is rather uncertain, but with the uncertainty all on the side of making things worse (see this recent paper for an assessment (Rahmstorf , Science 2007)). The language in the SPM acknowledges that stating
“Dynamical processes related to ice flow not included in current models but suggested by recent observations could increase the vulnerability of the ice sheets to warming, increasing future sea level rise. Understanding of these processes is limited and there is no consensus on their magnitude.”
Note that some media have been comparing apples with pears here: they claimed IPCC has reduced its upper sea level limit from 88 to 59 cm, but the former number from the TAR did include this ice dynamics uncertainty, while the latter from the AR4 does not, precisely because this issue is now considered more uncertain and possibly more serious than before.
On the hurricane/tropical strorm issue, the language is quite nuanced, as one might expect from a consensus document. The link between SST and tropical storm intensity is clearly acknowledged, but so is the gap between model projections and analyses of cyclone observations. “The apparent increase in the proportion of very intense storms since 1970 in some regions is much larger than simulated by current models for that period.”
We will address some of these issues and how well we think they did in specific posts over the next few weeks. There’s a lot of stuff here, and even we need time to digest it!
Etant donné tout le battage dans les médias depuis le TRE, nombre d’entre nous étaient curieux de voir ce que le nouveau rapport indiquerait au sujet des reconstructions paléoclimatiques des 1000 dernières années. Les « sceptiques »(euphémisme pour désigner les dernières personnes doutant encore du rôle de l’homme dans les changements climatiques récents) seront sans aucun doute déçus. Les conclusions ont été sensiblement renforcées par rapport à celles émises dans le TRE, ce qui était logiquement prévu en raison des nombreuses études additionnelles faites depuis et qui pointent toutes dans la même direction. La conclusion que le réchauffement récent à grande échelle excède « probablement » l’amplitude climatique des dix derniers siècles des 1000 dernières années dans le TRE, a été étendu aux 1300 dernières années dans ce rapport, et la confiance dans cette conclusion passe de « probablement » dans le TRE à « très probablement» dans le QRE pour les 500 dernières années. C’est juste l’un des nombreux éléments indépendants démontrant l’influence anthropique sur le climat ; certains voulaient le faire passer comme l’élément clé de l’évidence du changement climatique mais étant donné tous les autres éléments il est à présent encore moins le pilier central sur lequel repose les conclusions de l’influence humaine sur le climat.
Les incertitudes, au niveau science, impliquent principalement la nature précise des changements à prévoir, en particulier en ce qui concerne l’élévation du niveau de la mer, les changements d’El Niño et les changements hydrologiques régionaux – fréquence des sécheresses et fonte de neige, des tempêtes aux moyennes latitudes, et naturellement, des ouragans. Il peut être amusant de décortiquer les discussions sur ces sujets (et nous prévoyons qu’il y aura des commentaires substantiels dans la presse), mais celles-ci ne doivent pas occulter les conclusions principales beaucoup plus fermes.
Le processus de finalisation du SPM (qui est bien décrit ici
et là) est quelque chose qui peut sembler étrange. Les représentants de gouvernement de toutes les nations participantes prennent le résumé de l’ébauche (écrite par les auteurs principaux des différents chapitres) et discutent si le texte reflète vraiment les résultats scientifiques fondamentaux décrits dans le rapport principal. L’essentiel ici est de noter que ce qu’ont écrit au début les auteurs principaux ne l’est pas nécessairement sous la forme la plus clair ou la moins ambigüe d’un point de vue sémantique, et les gouvernements (pour qui le rapport est écrit) sont parfaitement autorisés à demander que les formulations soit modifiées de manière à que les conclusions soient correctement comprises à la fois par eux-mêmes et les scientifiques. Il est également important de noter que la formulation finale retenue doit être d’une part conforme aux résultats scientifiques fondamentaux des chapitres techniques, et d’autre part validée par les scientifiques. L’avantage de ce processus est que pour toutes les personnes impliquées, le sens de chaque phrase est parfaitement claire. Pour rappel, après la publication du rapport sur les reconstructions des températures de surface par les National Academies, de nombreuses discussions portaient sur le sens du mot « plausible ». Ce genre de chose ne devrait pas se produire avec le QRE.
Le processus du SPM a également un objectif politique très utile. Spécifiquement, il permet aux gouvernements impliqués de se sentir en partie « propriétaires» et parties prenantes du rapport. Ceci rend difficile les tergiversations ultérieures et les rejets du rapport en utilisant l’argument qu’il a été écrit par quelqu’un d’autre. Ceci oblige ainsi les gouvernements à s’impliquer pour que le rapport soit aussi bon qu’il puisse l’être (dans la marge fixée par les incertitudes). Il y a en fait de nombreuses barrières de sécurité (dont la présence des scientifiques) pour s’assurer que le rapport ne soit pas biaisé et orienté dans telle ou telle direction. Cependant, ceci peut être à tort interprété comme un processus de négociation sur l’intégralité du résumé. Ce serait une conclusion fausse – les négociations, telles qu’elles sont effectuées, sont en fait très fortement contraintes par la science fondamentale sous-jacente.
Enfin, certaines personnes se demandent pourquoi le SPM est publié maintenant alors que le rapport principal ne doit pas être publié avant le mois d’avril. Il y a un certain nombre de raisons – premièrement, la réunion de Paris a été une affaire tellement médiatisée que maintenir un embargo sur le SPM jusqu’à ce que le rapport principal soit prêt est probablement inutile. En ce qui concerne le rapport principal lui-même, il n’a pas été relu et corrigé, et les données de l’année 2006 n’ont pas encore pu être incluses dans le manuscrit. Enfin, des améliorations du SPM au niveau sémantique devraient être de nouveau répercutées au niveau des différents chapitres afin de lever toute ambiguïté. Au niveau science, le contenu ne changera pas.
Si cela avait été possible, nous aurions essayé d’obtenir l’ensemble en même temps, permettant ainsi une sortie synchrone. A noter que l’Arctic Climate Impact Assessment a utilisé en 2004 une procédure similaire – ce qui a conduit à un peu de confusion étant donné que les déclarations dans le résumé n’étaient pas référencées.
Quelle fût la qualité des précédents rapports à propos de leurs projections du futur ? En fait, pour les 16 dernières années (depuis le premier rapport en 1990), elles ont été remarquablement bonnes pour les changements du CO2 ainsi que des températures mais ont par contre sous-évalué les changements du niveau marin.
En ce qui concerne les discussions spécifiques, ce sont les prévisions relatives à l’élévation du niveau marin et aux cyclones que l’on va retrouver de manière dominante dans la presse. Ces questions comportent un certain nombre d’ « inconnues connues », – c’est à dire de choses dont nous soupçonnons le rôle et l’existence mais que nous ne connaissons pas suffisament pour les inclure dans les modèles. Pour le niveau marin, l’inconnue est l’ampleur du changement dynamique des calottes polaires. Ces changements dynamiques ont déjà été observés, mais non utilisables par les modèles de calottes polaires (voir cette discussion précédente). Cela signifie que leur contribution à l’élévation du niveau marin est plutôt incertaine, mais dans tous les cas l’incertitude liée à ce processus ne fera qu’empirer la situation (voir un papier récent pour une estimation (Rahmstorf, Science 2007 ). Ceci est reconnu dans le résumé et formulé ainsi :
« Les processus dynamiques relatifs au mouvement de la glace qui ne sont pas inclus dans les modèles actuels mais suggérés par les observations récentes, peuvent accroître la vulnérabilité de la calotte glaciaire au réchauffement, ceci accentuant la future élévation du niveau marin. La compréhension de ces processus est limitée et il n’y a pas de consensus sur leur amplitude. »
A noter que quelques médias comparent des résultats non strictement comparables : ils ont déclaré que le GIEC a réduit l’ampleur maximale de 88 à 59 cm, mais le chiffre précédent du TRE incluait cette incertitude relative à la dynamique de la glace, alors que ce n’est pas le cas avec le QRE, précisément parce que cette question est maintenant considérée comme davantage incertaine et peut-être plus sérieuse qu’avant.
A propos de la problématique cyclones/tempêtes tropicales, le ton est assez nuancé, comme l’on doit s’y attendre dans un document de consensus. Le lien entre température de surface céanique et intensité des tempêtes tropicales est clairement reconnu, comme l’ est la différence entre les projections des modèles et les analyses des observations cycloniques. «L’augmentation apprente de la proportion de cyclones très intenses depuis 1970 dans quelques régions est bien plus grande que celle simulée par les modèles actuels pour cette période ».
Nous aborderons quelques unes de ces questions et nous donnerons notre avis sur la manière dont elles ont été traitées dans des articles spécifiques dans les semaines à venir. Il y a beaucoup de travail en perspective, et nous avons, nous aussi, besoin de temps pour digérer tous ces résultats !
Traduit de l’anglais par T. de Garidel et O. Daniélo
Temos tido uma política de (em geral) não comentar os vários rascunhos, citações incorretas e erros de leitura no relatório da Quarta Avaliação (“AR4” para aqueles acostumados com acrônimos) do IPCC. Agora que o sumário para tomadores de decisão (ou “SPM”) do IPCC foi enfim publicado, é possível discutir seu cerne sem nos preocupar tanto com sutilezas e detalhes do relatório. Esta postagem é somente inicial, desde que planejamos avaliar o relatório capítulo por capítulo durante os próximos meses, explicando as questões chaves e as questões ainda incertas. Este relatório será repetidamente referenciado nos próximos meses, de modo que poderemos a tempo realizar um trabalho razoável explicando seu conteúdo e motivo.
Em primeiro lugar, pelas pesquisas que vêm sendo realizadas desde o Terceiro Relatório de Avaliação (TAR) de 2001 – muitas das quais têm sido discutidas aqui – não é surpresa alguma que o AR4 traga uma forte conclusão. Em particular, o relatório conclui que as influências humanas sobre o clima são “muito possivelmente” (> 90% probabilidade) detectáveis nos dados observados; aumentado de “possivelmente” (> 66% probabilidade) no TAR. Resultados chaves apresentados aqui incluem as simulações climáticas ao longo do século XX, realizadas com os mais modernos modelos de clima, demostrando que as recentes tendências não podem ser explicadas sem a inclusão do aumento da concentração de gases de efeito estufa devido às ações humanas. Esse aumento também é consistente com o aquecimento dos oceanos, derretimento de gelo nos mares e em terra, e sinais de mudanças em ecossistemas naturais. Tal conjuntura torna irrefutáveis as projeções de grandes e contínuas mudanças ao longo do tempo, particularmente sobre o cenário business as usual (sem mudanças nos padrões globais de produção e consumo).
Tendo em vista todo o sensacionalismo desde o TAR, muitos de nós estávamos curiosos para ver o que o novo relatório iria trazer sobre as reconstruções paleoclimáticas dos últimos 1000 anos. Os ’contrários‘ irão sem dúvida ficar desapontados. As conclusões têm sido significativamente fortalecidas em relação ao que havia no TAR, o que certamente deveria ser esperado, haja vista os numerosos estudos adicionais que têm sido feitos apontando para uma mesma direção. A conclusão de que o recente aquecimento em grande escala provavelmente excede o alcance visto nos últimos séculos, foi estendido dos 1000 anos utilizados no TAR, para os últimos 1300 anos no relatório atual, e a confiança nessa conclusão foi promovida de “possivelmente” no TAR para “muito possivelmente” no relatório atual para o último meio milênio passado. Esta é apenas uma das várias e independentes linhas de evidências agora apontando em direção a uma clara influência antropogênica sobre o clima. Porém, dada todas as outras, as reconstruções paleoclimáticas são agora menos ainda o pilar central das evidências da influência humana sobre clima do que vinham incorretamente sendo consideradas.
As incertezas científicas envolvem principalmente a natureza precisa das mudanças esperadas, particularmente com respeito à elevação do nível do mar, mudanças do El Niño e em regimes hidrológicos regionais – freqüência de secas e descongelamento de coberturas de gelo, tempestades em latitudes médias, e com certeza, furacões. Pode ser divertido avaliar os pormenores das discussões nestes tópicos (e nós esperamos que haverá uma cobertura substancial da impresa sobre eles), mas isso não deve nos distrair das principais e das mais sólidas conclusões.
O processo de finalização do SPM (o qual é bem descrito aqui and aqui) pode parecer um pouco estranho. Representantes dos governos de todas as nações participantes pegam o rascunho do sumário (como escrito por um dos autores líderes de um dos capítulos individuais) e discutem se o texto reflete fielmente a ciência que está por trás do relatório principal. A chave aqui é notar que o que os autores líderes originalmente redigiram não é necessariamente a mais clara ou menos ambígua linguagem, de modo que cabe perfeitamente aos governos (para os quais o relatório está sendo escrito) insistirem que a linguagem seja modificada para que as conclusões sejam corretamente entendidas por eles e pelos cientistas. É também importante frisar que os cientistas têm que estar contentes com a linguagem final acordada, e se esta concorda com a ciência contida nos capítulos técnicos. A vantagem desse processo é que qualquer um envolvido está absolutamente consciente dos significados de cada sentença. Lembre-se que depois do National Academies report on surface temperature reconstructions” houve muita discussão sobre a definição de ‘plausível’. Este tipo de coisa não deve ocorrer no AR4.
O processo do SPM também é muito útil como uma proposta política. Especificamente, ele permite aos governos envolvidos sentirem-se ‘como parte’ do relatório. Isso torna difícil mudanças posteriores nas posições assumidas, com base no argumento de que o relatório foi escrito por outra pessoa. Isso fornece aos governos um absoluto interesse em tornar esse relatório o melhor possível (dada as incertezas). Existem de fato muitas salvaguardas (ao menos pelos cientistas presentes) para assegurar que o relatório não seja enviesado em qualquer direção preferencial. Todavia, o lado ruim é que ele pode ser erroneamente confundido como um ponto de partida para negociações. Esta pode ser uma conclusão falsa – as negociações estão, de fato, fortemente constritas pela ciência subjacente.
Finalmente, poucas pessoas têm se perguntado por que o SPM está sendo lançado agora enquanto o relatório deverá ainda ser publicado em alguns meses. Existe um número de razões – primeiramente, a reunião de Paris possui tal significado público que segurar o SPM até que o relatório principal esteja pronto torna-se sem sentido. O relatório principal propriamente dito ainda não foi corrigido na íntegra, e não houve tempo suficiente para incluir dados observacionais do fim de 2006. Uma questão final é que as melhorias na concisão da linguagem do SPM devem ser propagadas para os capítulos individuais, de modo a remover qualquer ambigüidade superficial. O conteúdo científico não deve mudar.
Se dependesse de nós, teriamos tentado colocar tudo junto de modo que eles pudessem ser lançados ao mesmo tempo, mas talvez isto não fosse possível. Notamos que o “Arctic Climate Impact Assessment” em 2004 também teve um procedimento similar – o que levou a uma certa confusão inicial, pois as afirmações contidas no sumário não estavam referenciadas.
O quão bom estavam os relatórios anteriores do IPCC quanto à antecipação do futuro? Na verdade, nos últimos 16 anos (desde o primeiro relatório em 1990), eles têm se mostrado notavelmente bons para as mudanças de CO2 e temperatura, mas com previsões não tão boas acerca das mudanças do nível do mar.
Com relação às discussões específicas, os dois temas mais cobertos pelos jornais são as projeções de aumento do nível do mar e os furacões. Essas questões contêm um número de “ignorâncias conhecidas” – coisas que nós sabemos que não sabemos. Para o aumento do nível do mar, o desconhecimento é quão grande será o efeito de alterações na dinâmica das superfícies de gelo. Tais mudanças dinâmicas já foram observadas, mas estão fora do alcance da capacidade dos modelos atuais de superfícies de gelo (veja esta discussão anterior). Isso significa que suas contribuições para o aumento do nível do mar são bastante incertas, mas com todas as incertezas pendendo para o pior cenário (veja este recente artigo para uma avaliação (Rahmstorf , Science 2007)). A linguagem no SPM ressalta isso dizendo
“Processos dinãmicos relacionados à movimentação de gelo não incluídos nos modelos correntes mas sugeridos por observações recentes podem ampliar a vulnerabilidade das superfícies de gelo ao aquecimento, aumentando a futura elevação do mar. A compreensão desses processos é limitada e não há consenso sobre sua magnitude.”
Note que alguns órgãos da mídia têm comparado maçãs com peras: eles argumentam que o IPCC reduziu seu limite superior do nível do mar de 88 para 59 cm, mas o primeiro número do TAR incluiu a incerteza da dinâmica do gelo, enquanto que o último do AR4 não inclui, precisamente porque essa questão é agora considerada mais incerta e possivelmente mais séria que antes.
No caso das tempestades tropicais/furacões, a linguagem é muito suave, como pode-se esperar do um documento de consenso. A ligação entre SST e a intensidade de tempestades tropicais é claramente reconhecida, mas também a distância entre as projeções de modelos e as análises das observações de ciclones. “O aumento aparente da porporção de eventos muito intensos desde 1970 em algumas regiões é muito maior que o simulado pelo modelos atuais para este período”.
Iremos focalizar algumas dessas questões em postagens específicas durante as próximas semanas. Existe muita coisa aqui, e o nós precisaremos de tempo para digerir tudo!
Traduzido do inglês por Ivan B. T. Lima e Fernando M. Ramos.
Ingilizce’den çeviren: Figen Mekik
Uluslararası Iklim Değişikliği Görevgücü (UIDG) dördüncü değerlendirme raporunun (4DR) çeşitli müsveddelerini ve hakkındaki doğru veya yanlış yargıları burada konu etmemeyi politika edinmiştik. Ancak, şimdi politika belirliyiciler için özeti (PBÖ) yayınlandığından, raporun içeriğini değişikliğe uğrayacağı endişesi olamadan tartışabiliriz. Bu yazımız tüm raporun tartışmasındaki ilk adımımız olacak. Önümüzdeki aylarda raporu ve içindeki önemli konuları, kavramları ve belirsizlikleri teker teker işlemeyi düşünüyoruz. Önümüzdeki bir kaç sene içinde bu rapora pek çok atıf yapılacağı muhakkak; bu yüzden raporun içeriğini ve içinde yazılanların sebeplerini detaylı olarak ele almamız gerekli.
Ilkin, Üçüncü Değerlendirme Raporunun (3DR) 2001’de yayınlanmasından beri (bu konuyu çok tartıştık burada) ilerleyen bilim sayesinde 4DR’nin daha sağlam sonuçlara varmış olması kimseyi şaşırtmamalı. Özellikle 4DR şu sonuca varmış: insanların küresel iklim üzerindeki etkisinin ölçülebilir izler bırakıyor olma olasılığı yüzde 90’ın üzerinde. Bu 3DR’de sadece yüzde 66 olarak belirlenmişti. Buradaki önemli sonuçlardan biri en yeni bilgisayar modelleriyle yapılan 20inci yüzyıl iklim benzetimlerinde son yıllarda iklimde gözlemlenen eğilimlerin insan-dışı etkenlerle açıklanamaması, ve bu trendleri açıklayabilmek için modellere muhakkak insanlardan kaynaklanan sera gazlarındaki artış, düzenli olarak deniz sularının ısınması, deniz buzlarının erimesi, buzulların erimesi ve ekosistem kaymaları eklenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu da, “her-zamanki-gibi-iş-başında” (business as usual) tutumundan sonuçlanacak daha büyük iklim değişikliklerinin olacağını tartışmasız kabul edilecek hale getiriyor.
3DR’nin yarattığı tartışmalardan sonra, 4DR’nin, geçen 1000 yıl için yapılan geçmiş-iklim geriçatmaları hakkında ne yazdığını çok merak ettik. Karşı çıkanlar burada muhakkak hayal kırıklığına uğrayacaklar. 3DR’deki sonuçlara göre yeni rapordakiler çok daha güçlendirilmiş vaziyette. Tabii bu beklenen bir gelişme çünkü üçüncü rapordan bu yana pek çok bilimsel çalışma yapıldı ve tüm bu çalışmalar hep aynı yönde sonuçlara vardılar. Güncel geniş yöresel ısınmanın herhalde geçtiğimiz yüzyıllarda görülen ısınmadan daha fazla olduğu vargısı, üçüncü raporda “geçmiş binyıl’a göre’ye” çıkarılmıştı ve herhalde yerine olasılıkla denilmişti; ve şimdi yeni raporda bu ısınmanın büyük olasılıkla geçmiş 1300 yılda gözlemlenenden daha çok olduğu belirlendi. Pek çok bağımsız ve somut delil kullanımı yoluyla da görüyoruz ki iklim üzerinde insan-kaynaklı net bir etki var. Ancak, diğer tüm delilleri göz önünde bulundurursak, artık insan-kaynaklı iklim değişimi savında geçmiş-iklim geriçatmaları daha az önem taşıyor; zaten bu geriçatmalar yanlış vurgulanmıştı.
Bu bilim dalındaki belirsizliklerin çoğu olabilecek değişikliklerin tam karakterini kestirememe çerçevesinde yoğunlaşıyor, özellikle deniz seviyesindeki artışlar, El Nino ile ilgili ve bölgesel hidrolojik değişimler (mesela, kuraklık sıklığı ve yoğun kar erimesi, orta enlem fırtınaları ,ve tabbi ki kasırgalar). Her ne kadar bu konuları tartışmak çok zevkli olacaksa da (herhalde medya bu konuda çok tartışmaya meydan tutacaktır), raporun yukarıda bahsettiğimiz daha sağlam ve önemli diğer sonuçlarını gözardı etmemeliyiz.
PBÖ’nün son haline getirilmesi süreci biraz tuhaf gelebilir (ki burada ve burada tarifleri var). Ilgili tüm devletlerin temsilcileri bu özetin bir kopyasını alıp (ki bu özetler rapordaki her bolümünün önde gelen yazarları tarafından hazırlanıyor), ana rapordaki metnin gerçekten arkasındaki bilimi yansıtıp yansıtmadığını tartıştılar. Burada dikkat edilen husus şu: önde gelen yazarların ilkin hazirladiği özetteki ifade olabilecek en net ve kesin anlatımla yazılmamış olabilir. Dolayısıyla bu devletlerin temsilcileri (ki zaten bu kişiler için bu rapor hazırlanıyor) bu raporda istedikleri değişiklerin yapılmasında israr etmeye yüzde yüz hak sahibi oluyorlar ki raporu, hem kendileri hem de yazan bilim insanları rahatlıkla anlayabilsinler. Bir diğer husus da şu ki bu metni hazırlayan ve düzelten bilim insanları yeni metinden memnun ve raporun arkasinda yatan bilimsel sonuçlarla bağdaştığından emin olmalılar. Bu süreci olumlu yanı bu konuyla uğraşan herkesin her cümledeki manayı açıkça anlayabilmesidir. Hatırlarsanız Milli Akademi’nin (National Academies) yüzey ısı geriçatması raporundaki “muhtemel” kelimesi çok tartışma yaratmıştı. 4DR’de bunun engellenmesi isteniyor.
PBÖ sürecinin ayrıca son derece değerli bir siyasi amacı da var: ilgili devletlerin rapora sahip çıkmasını sağlıyor. Bu, ileride raporun “başkasi yazdı” mazeretiyle ört bas edilmesine engel olacaktır. Raporun olabileceği en iyi hale gelmesinde (belirsizlikler dahilinde) bu devletlerin de çıkarı oluyor dolayısıyla. Hatta burada raporun herhangi bir eğilime tabi olmasını engelleyecek pek çok koruyucu unsur mevcut. Ancak, bu tutum yanlış algılanabilir; tüm raporun tartışmaya açık olduğu izlenimini verebilir. Bu doğru bir yargı olmaz çünkü raporla ilgili tartişmalar çok sağlam bilimsel gerçeklere dayanmaktadır.
Son olarak, pek çok kişi PBÖ’nün neden ana rapordan aylar once yayınlandığını sordu. Bunun bir kaç sebebi var: ilk olarak, Paris toplantisi o kadar aleni bir olay oldu ki, PBÖ’yü ana rapor yayınlanana kadar tutmak anlamsızlaştı. Ana rapora gelince, henüz detaylı bir şekilde okunup düzeltilmedi ve 2006 yılının sonuna kadar gözlemlenen ve ölçülen veriler henüz rapora dahil edilemedi. Ve bir diğer husus da PBÖ’nün yazım dilinde yapılan düzeltmeler rapordaki ait oldukları bölumlere aktarılmalı, ve açıkça ifade edilememiş öyeler düzeltilmeli. Ama raporun bilimsel içeriği değismeyecek.
Bize kalsaydı, biz herseyi bir arada hazırlayıp sunmayı isterdik, ama belki bu mümkün olamadı. 2004’deki Arktik Iklim Etkisi Değerlendirmesinde de benzeri bir sürecin yaşandığını gördük, ve bu süreç bazı yanlış anlaşılmalara sebep oldu çünkü özetteki bazı yazılanlar raporla desteklenememişti.
Geçmiş UIDG raporları geleceği tahmin etmekte ne kadar başarılı oldu? Aslında, son 16 yıldır (ilk rapor 1990’da yayınlandı), atmosferdeki CO 2 ve ısı değişimlerini belirlemekte başarılıydılar ama deniz seviyesi hesapları gerçekte gözlemlenenden az oldu.
Belirli tartışma konularına gelince, başında en çok ele alınacak iki unsur var: deniz seviyesindeki değişiklikler ve kasırgalar. Bu unsurların bir kaç tane “bilinen bilinmeyenleri” var – yani hakkinda fazla bilgimizin olmadığını bildiğimiz şeyler. Deniz seviyesindeki değişiklikler için kestirmediğimiz unsur buzul levhalarındaki dinamik değişimlerin deniz seviyesini nasıl etkilediği. Bu dinamik değişiklikler gözlemlendi, ama gözlemlerimiz buzul levhası modellerinin kapasitesi dışında oldu (daha önceki tartışmamızı burada okuyun). Bu da buzul levhalarının dinamiğinin deniz seviyesi üzerinde etkisinin henüz belirsiz olmasından kaynaklanıyor; ancak bu belirsizliğin çapı deniz seviyesindeki artışı daha da vahim yapacak doğrultuda (bu konuyu değerlendirmek için yeni yayınlanmış şu makaleye bakabilirsiniz (Rahmstorf, Science 2007)). PBO bu konuyu şöyle dile getiriyor:
“Güncel modellere dahil edilmeyen ancak yakın zaman içinde gözlemlenmiş olan buzul akışıyla ilgili dinamik süreçler, buzul levhalarını küresel ısınmaya karşı daha da hassaslastırabilir, ve ileride deniz seviyesinde daha fazla artışa sebep olabilir. Bu süreçlerin anlaşılabilirliği sınırlıdır ve boyutu hakkında bir ortak kanı henüz yoktur.”
Burada şuna dikkatinizi çekelim: bu konuda bazı medyacılar elmalarla armutları kıyaslamaktalar: Diyorlar ki UIDG deniz seviyesi artışı tahmininin üst sınırını 88 den 59 cm’e indirdi. Ancak, 3DR bu buzul dinamiği belirsizliğini hesaba katmıştı; 4DR katmadı çünkü özellikle bu unsur şimdi daha az kesin tespit edilebilir bulunuyor ve muhtemelen eskiden olduğundan daha ciddi kabul ediliyor.
Kasırga/tropik fırtına konusuna gelince, rapordaki uslupta çok nuans var, ve bir ortak karar belgesinden bu beklenir. Deniz üstü ısısı ile tropik fırtına sıklığı arasındaki iliski açıkça kabul görmüş vaziyette, ancak aynı açıklıkla görülen bir diğer şey de model tahminleri ile kasirga analizleri arasindaki büyük farklar. “1970’den beri bazı bölgelerde görülen güçlü kasrıgalarda sıklık (artıs) modellerin tahminin çok üstünde.”
Önümüzdeki haftalarda bu konuları ve PBÖ’nün başarısını tartısacağız. Burada çok malzeme var ve hazmetmek için bizim de zamana ihtiyacımız var!
Traducido por Covadonga Escandon
Hemos seguido un política de (casi) no comentar los distintos borradores, citas erróneas y lecturas equivocadas del Cuarto informe de evaluación (AR4 por sus siglas en inglés) del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC). Sin embargo, ahora que ya ha sido publicado el resumen para responsables de políticas (o SPM), podemos discutir los contenidos del reporte sin tener que preocuparnos de que los detalles vayan a cambiar. Este artículo será el primero en el que hablaremos sobre el reporte completo. Planeamos ir capítulo por capítulo y esperamos explicar los puntos clave y las dudas claves que aún quedan durante los próximos meses. Este reporte será citado repetidamente durante los próximos años así que podemos tomarnos el tiempo necesario para explicar bien qué contiene y por qué.
En primer lugar, dada la ciencia que se ha llevado a cabo desde el Tercer informe de evaluación (TAR) en 2001 -gran parte del cual ha sido discutido aquí- nadie debería sorprenderse de que el AR4 llegue a una conclusión más firme. En particular, el reporte llega a la conclusión de es “muy factible” (> 90% de probabilidad) que las influencias humanas sobre el clima ya sean detectables en los registros de observaciones; en el TAR esto se consideraba como “factible” (> 66% de probabilidad). Los resultados claves aquí incluyen las simulaciones para el siglo XX usando modelos climáticos punteros que demuestran que las tendencias recientes no pueden ser explicadas si no se incluyen incrementos de gases de invernadero relacionados con los humanos así como evidencia consistente del calentamiento oceánico, del derretimiento de hielo marino y de glaciares y cambios en los ecosistemas. Esto hace que las proyecciones de mayores y continuados cambios ya iniciados (especialmente bajo escenarios “no cambiemos nada”) sean esencialmente indisputables.
Dado todo el sensacionalismo que ha habido desde el TAR, muchos de nosotros teníamos curiosidad por ver qué diría el nuevo reporte sobre reconstrucciones paleoclimáticas de los últimos mil años. Los detractores quedaran sin duda decepcionados en este sentido. Las conclusiones han sido significativamente fortalecidas con respecto a lo que estaba en el TAR, algo que era de esperarse dado el número de estudios adicionales que se han hecho desde entonces y que apuntan todos en la misma dirección. La conclusión de que el calentamiento reciente a gran escala factiblemente sobrepasa el rango observado durante los siglos anteriores ha sido ampliada de los últimos 1000 años en el TAR a los últimos 1300 años en el reporte actual y la confianza en esta conclusión se ha incrementado de “factible” en el TAR a “muy factible” para el último milenio en el nuevo reporte. Ésta es solamente una de las muchas líneas independientes de evidencia que apuntan ahora hacia una clara influencia antropogénica sobre el clima; pero, dadas todas las demás, las reconstrucciones
paleoclimáticas son ahora todavía menos el pilar central de evidencia sobre la influencia humana sobre el clima, que es lo que incorrectamente se ha hecho creer.
Las incertidumbres en la ciencia involucran principalmente la naturaleza exacta de los cambios que deben esperarse, particularmente con respecto al incremento del nivel del mar, cambios en El Niño y cambios hidrológicos regionales -frecuencia de las sequías y derretimiento de la cubierta nivosa, tormentas en latitudes medias y, por supuesto, huracanes. Puede ser interesante analizar en detalle las discusiones sobre estos temas (y esperamos que haya numerosos comentarios sobre ellos en la prensa), pero esto no debe distraernos de las principales y más sólidas conclusiones mencionadas arriba.
El proceso para terminar el SPM (que está descrito aquí y aquí) es algo que puede parecer un poco extraño. Representantes gubernamentales de todas las naciones participantes toman el borrador del resumen (tal y como lo escriben los autores principales de los capítulos) y discuten si el texto refleja realmente la ciencia que sustenta el reporte principal o no. Lo importante aquí es señalar que lo escrito por los autores principales originalmente no es necesariamente el lenguaje más claro posible ni el menos ambiguo, por ello los gobiernos (para quienes se escribe el reporte) tienen todo el derecho de insistir en que el lenguaje sea modificado de tal modo que las conclusiones sean entendidas correctamente por ellos y por los científicos. También es importante hacer notar que los científicos tienen que estar contentos con que el lenguaje final acordado se corresponde con la ciencia de los capítulos técnicos. La ventaja de este proceso es que todos los involucrados tiene perfectamente claro qué significa cada frase. Hay que recordar que después del reporte de las Academias Nacionales sobre las reconstrucciones de la temperatura de la superficie hubo una gran discusión sobre la definición de ‘plausible’. Este tipo de cosas no deberían pasar con el AR4.
El proceso para el SPM también sirve a un muy útil propósito político. Específicamente, permite que los gobiernos involucrados sientan como que parte del reporte “les pertenece” a ellos. Esto dificulta mucho que después algunos cambien de opinión y lo rechacen sobre la base de que fue escrito por alguien más. Esto hace que los gobiernos tengan un especial interés en que el reporte sea tan bueno como sea posible (dadas las incertidumbres). Hay de hecho gran cantidad de salvaguardas (empezando por los científicos presentes) para asegurar que el reporte no esté sesgado hacia alguna dirección concreta. Sin embargo, un aspecto negativo es que puede parecer erróneamente como si el resumen entero simplemente pudiera negociarse.
Esta sería una conclusión falsa: las negociaciones, tal y como están, se encuentran de hecho fuertemente restringidas por los hechos científicos. Finalmente, unas cuantas personas han preguntado porqué el SPM se hace público ahora mientras que el reporte completo no será publicado hasta dentro de un par de meses.
Hay varias razones: primero, el encuentro de París ha sido un asunto tan público que guardar el SPM hasta que esté listo el reporte principal probablemente no tiene sentido. En lo que respecta al reporte mismo, todavía no había sido revisado y aún no ha habido suficiente tiempo para incluir datos de observación de finales del 2006. Un último punto es que las mejoras en la claridad del lenguaje del SPM deben propagarse hacia los capítulos específicos de tal modo que desaparezca cualquier ambigüedad superficial. El contenido científico no cambiará.
Si hubiéramos podido decidir nosotros, hubiéramos tratado de tenerlo todo junto de tal manera que pudieran ser hecho públicos simultáneamente pero esto talvez hubiera sido imposible. Notamos que en el 2004, para la Evaluación de impactos climáticos del Ártico se siguió un procedimiento similar, lo que produjo algo de confusión inicialmente ya que algunas afirmaciones del resumen no tenían las citas correspondientes.
¿Qué tan buenos han resultado los anteriores reportes del IPCC haciendo proyecciones a futuro? De hecho, a lo largo de los últimos 16 años (desde el primer reporte en 1990), han resultado extraordinariamente buenos para cambios en el CO2 y cambios en la temperatura pero subestimaron los cambios en el nivel del mar.
En lo que se refiere a discusiones específicas, las dos que van a estar mayormente en las noticias son las proyecciones del aumento del nivel del mar y los huracanes. Estos temas contienen algunas “incógnitas conocidas” (cosas que sabemos que ignoramos). Para el incremento del nivel del mar, la incógnita es qué tan grande será el efecto de cambios dinámicos en las placas de hielo continentales. Estos cambios dinámicos ya han sido observados pero están fuera del rango con el que pueden lidiar los modelos para placas de hielo (ver esta discusión previa). Esto significa que su contribución al aumento en el nivel del mar es más bien incierta pero esta incertidumbre yace totalmente del lado que empeoraría las cosas (ver este reciente artículo para una evaluación: Rahmstorf, Science 2007). El lenguaje en el SPM reconoce dicha afirmación.
“Los procesos dinámicos relacionados con el flujo de hielo que no están incluidos en los modelos actuales pero que son sugeridos por observaciones recientes, incrementarían la vulnerabilidad de las placas de hielo al calentamiento, aumentando el futuro incremento en el nivel del mar. La comprensión de estos procesos es limitada y no hay un consenso sobre su magnitud.”
Hay que mencionar que algunos medios han estado comparando peras con manzanas en esto: afirmaron que el IPCC ha reducido su límite superior para el nivel del mar de 88 a 59 cm, pero la primera cifra dada en el TAR sí incluía esta incertidumbre de la dinámica del hielo mientras que la segunda dada en el AR4 no la incluye, justo porque a este tema se le considera ahora más incierto y posiblemente más serio que antes.
Sobre el tema de los huracanes/tormentas tropicales, el lenguaje está muy matizado, como es de esperarse en documento que refleja un consenso. La liga entre la temperatura de la superficie del mar (TSM) y la intensidad de las tormentas tropicales se admite claramente pero también se acepta la distancia entre las proyecciones de los modelos y los análisis de las observaciones de ciclones. “El aparente aumento en la proporción de las tormentas muy intensas desde 1970 en algunas regiones es mucho mayor de lo que simulan los modelos actuales para ese periodo.”
Abordaremos algunas de estas cuestiones y qué tan bien creemos que resultaron en artículos específicos durante las próximas semanas. ¡Hay mucho material aquí y nosotros también necesitamos tiempo para digerirlo!
I was wondering, by what will be the global temperature be increased, if all known oil & gass resources are turned into CO2 ? Is that mentioned somewhere?
Re #71: in order to claim that CO2 is the highest in 600,000 years you have to show that physically a blip like the current one cannot occur naturally (a difficult thing to prove). The ice cores don’t have the sample length resolution to do that since centuries of CO2 levels get averaged into a single reading. Juxtaposing recent ice cores or other actual measurements doesn’t change that fact.
RE #11, #41, #43 (Sea Level data) – I do get 0.11 for 1961-2003 by changing decimal places for both Greenland and Antarctic as follows:
0.042 (Thermal) + 0.050 (Glaciers) + 0.005 (Greenland) + 0.014 (Antarctic)
That value for Greenland seems pretty low, but I suppose that one could check this against the estimates in the TAR?
Don’t think anyone has mentioned it, so here is my favourite take on the IPCC, courtest of The Independent (UK). Absolutely hilarious:
+6.4°: Most of life is exterminated
Warming seas lead to the possible release of methane hydrates trapped in sub-oceanic sediments: methane fireballs tear across the sky, causing further warming. The oceans lose their oxygen and turn stagnant, releasing poisonous hydrogen sulphide gas and destroying the ozone layer. Deserts extend almost to the Arctic. “Hypercanes” (hurricanes of unimaginable ferocity) circumnavigate the globe, causing flash floods which strip the land of soil. Humanity reduced to a few survivors eking out a living in polar refuges. Most of life on Earth has been snuffed out, as temperatures rise higher than for hundreds of millions of years.
http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article2211566.ece
RE: 96 It is probably even worse than that. I haven’t read the summary yet, but at least before yesterday it was accepted that sulfate aerosols in the troposphere from fossil fuel combustion provided a negative forcing of around 1.5 W/m2. As the aerosol precursor source is gradually removed during the next 50 years due to reductions of sulfur in petroleum and the control of SO2 emissions from power plants, the offsetting effect of these aerosols will be greatly diminished.
Thus, not only will we have to deal with the new positive forcing from future emissions of CO2 and other GHGs, and the latent warming from old emissions, we also will have to deal with a more full realization of the forcing from GHGs without the benefit of the obscuring veil of air pollution that everyone agrees should be removed for health and other environmental reasons. The earlier posting that listed the CO2 increases year over year failed to take into account these “hidden charges” that like rising interest on a loan or a balloon payment can not only ruin your day but your species.
#92, what worries me more than these recent CO2 increases (and I believe an acceleration over several decades?), is whether these are caused by human emissions, or whether a growing part of the increase is due to nature responding to the warming & sending its own emissions, or nature’s inability to absorb CO2 as in the past, due to saturation or heat stress and other GW-related conditions. We may reach a point at which, even if human emissions drop to well below the point at which nature previously could reaborb the emissions in a cooler climate, nature takes over and reduces absorption and/or starts emitting net its own GHGs, which causes further warming (also enhanced by reduced albedo), which causes further emissions from nature, which causes further warming, and so on. I call this “runaway warming,” though the scientists here would like to reserve that term for permanent runaway warming, as on Venus. Someone here offered me another term, “hysteresis,” which I think is used for similar mass extinction due to warming events in the past (55 mya & 251 mya).
As our moms used to tell us, we shouldn’t play with matches.
Solar irradience is not the only issue with respect to the sun, and to dismiss the sun in two lines (p3)is disturbing. And on p9,what anthropogenic activities contributed to early 20th century warming–it wasn’t CO2.Fig SPM-4 shows a temperature trend for N.America that does not correspond to the USHCN data.Table SPM-0 shows a projected sea level rise from melting Antarctica as .14+/-.41 m/century. That error limit (1 sigma?)tells me we have no idea what will happen.
Finally, the U.S. DoE (AIE)projects < 5% contribution to kWh consumption in the U.S.by 2030 from sun, wind, biomass etc.Looks like coal will still be king, or with draconian legislation, the U.S. will be a third world country, along with everyone but China.
Re 32
Chip, if you really want to correct global temperature data for short time (annual to multiannual) effects, you should not just account for volcanoes, but also other important effects, mainly El Nino and eventually natural variability on the multiannual to decadal timescale (related to solar cycle or internal).
I don’t know which data you used, but for CRU data I get a linear trend of 0.23K per decade for 1990-2006 in the raw data. If you compensate for the El Nino and volcano signal I get a trend of 0.21K per decade for 1990-2006 ( I did not exclude 1992/1993 but interpolate between 1991 and 1994 which might be as appropriate as skipping).
In addition you find a roughly 10year oscillation in the “compensated” data set for the last 50 years and also farther back in the instrumental data set. (I doubt if it is of solar origin because it is sometimes in parallel and sometimes opposite to the solar cycle). And this cycle is on its top around 1990 and on its bottom around 2006 (as is the solar cycle). So accounting for natural variability on a timescale relevant for a 15 year trend would result in a higher trend (e.g. starting also at the bottom in 1994 gives 0.25K per decade).
Of course, if you calculate the trend farther back to the 60ies and 70ies it will be less because warming has accelerated since then.
I have not calculated for GISS and NOAA data, but I think they have even higher trends.
Re 45
Concerning cooling since 1998. Apart from the nonsense to calculate trends over a few years, as has been explained many times before:
If you account for the effect of El Nino on global temperature, 2001 and 2002 are the warmest years on record, and 2006 is the third warmest (only a tiny 0.005K below).
And multiannual variability is at the bottom now (see above)…
Just besides: the cycles 1925 to 1947 to 1976 to 1998 are related to some teleconnetcion indices (mainly representing circulation and pressure patterns in the Pacific region, including El Nino, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, etc). But they have no evident signal in global temperature.
This mornings NYTimes has a pretty good frontpage overview of the SPM. The Times was very strategic in this, letting all the momentary journalistic fray occur and the dust settle a bit before delivering its own more fulsome summary of the summary. It has a spread showing several of the graphs, a discussion of the crucial numbers, some decent quotes from scientific personnel, and euphemized humiliations for some of the usual suspects, such as James Inhofe and also our beloved Energy Secretary Sam Bodman, who has been rather busy before the cameras helping the Bush administration take credit for the advances of climate science during the past 5 years. Politics doesn’t just make for strange bedfellows, but also for mutant offspring… We do know how deeply this administration has gestated and nurtured unfettered scientific work, not to say its uncensored distribution.
Several things about the Times article are striking. First, it does not drum up controversy, but instead emphasizes the consensus aspects of the report. Indeed, it even gives perspective to the sea level debate that it’s article yesterday so hyped, offering perhaps a kind of corrective here. Second, it mostly, though not entirely, avoids the blanket terms “scientist” and “researcher” and instead notes the specific field of each interviewee. This may seem trivial, but it reflects a more sophisticated awareness of how journalism can too often represent science as a vast intellectual black box. Third, it includes a quote from Susan Soloman in which she plainly rejects the invitation to expound upon how society (meaning, of course, the U.S., not the developing world) should act. Her words are powerful:
I honestly believe that it would be a much better service for me to keep my personal opinions separate from what I can actually offer the world as a scientist.
This is significant, because, as experts, climate researchers are always being urged by others, the media above all, to be founts of knowledge in general and to comment on areas that are well beyond their area of knowledge. When this happens, the results are often embarrassing and, still worse, able to cast suspicion back upon the person, his or her credentials, and even the ultimate value of their scientific work. As an employee of NOAA, Soloman may well be playing it safe here, politically speaking. But the fact is that she’s right. Her real service to society in this matter is her power to create and distribute the knowledge in her domain. She is showing a style of discipline that might be followed elsewhere, difficult as it may be.
[Response: Nice remark. (But “fulsome” might not be the best choice of word here, because of possible ambiguity between the 19th century meaning and the more recently revived medieval meaning. See http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/fulsome ). I admire Susan Solomon’s stance; I understand Suki Manabe generally feels the same way. I wouldn’t presume to say all scientists should take this route though. While to advocate specific actions risks compromising a scientist’s role as a font of objective information, there have been many cases in which a scientist felt ethically compelled to take action based on what he or she had learned from scientific investigations. That is a valid imperative as well. In the end, it takes both types to get the work of the world done. –raypierre]
IANACC: Unfortunately the IPCC couldn’t even try to put forward projections of such scenarios since the science of Peak Oil is still new and the available data on recoverable resources and possible extraction rates are corrupted by the human element.
Many of these climate scenarios ironically might turn out to be incorrect, not because of bad science, but simply because instead of cutting emissions voluntarily, we’ll be struck by an economic recession when demand of these resources finally exceeds the rate of supply we are able to produce.
No one knows for sure for example how badly the world’s largest oil fields have been geologically damaged by over-production. In fact keeping up with many of the projected CO2 emissions curves by the IPCC scenarios seem unrealistic with the current under-investment in oil and gas industry. The worst outcomes might actually be curbed by the greed and short-term vision of the very industry that is the contributing to the problem.
Yes, I’m a bit of a pessimist. But as long as humanity is run by politicians and business people instead of scientists I don’t see much reason for hope…
RE #63: Since we moved the decimal place on the individual rate numbers, it would make sense to do the same for the error. So that makes:
Greenland ice sheets: 0.005 ± 0.0012 (1961�2003), 0.021 ± 0.007(1993-2003).
Antarctic ice sheets: 0.014 ± 0.0041 (1961-2003), 0.021 ± 0.0035 (1993-2003).
Not sure how this propagates to the error of the sums, but it should make them a lot smaller than what you found.
Yesterday I had a post which didn’t seem to make it past moderation.
All I asked was where will all the rain go? In a warmer world there wil be more evaporation in the oceans, and a warmer atmoshere will hold more moisture. Also the tropical rain belt should expand. Yet in the report most of the world seems to be getting dryer. Can somebody explain this?
[Response: Not sure what happened to your last post, but anyway your question is perfectly reasonable. One thing to keep in mind is that only a very small proportionof total precipitation falls over land. Most falls over ocean, so any constraints on total global precipitation tell us essentially nothing about what must happen over land. Secondly, warming does not necessarily mean more total evaporation, since the hydrological cycle (rate of flux of water through the system) can go down. As it turns out, this effect makes the rise in global precipitation weaker than what you’d expect from the rise in moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere. This was discussed in our post on the Vecchi et al paper. The precipitation rate in the most extreme land events can indeed go up as fast as the moisture holding capacity (Clausius Clapeyron) or even faster, since again they do not dominate the total; something like this seems to be happening in many places, and the trend is projected to continue. Finally, “drying out” is not just a matter of precipitation, it’s precip minus evap. Precip can go up, but evap can go up faster, leading (over land) to loss of soil moisture with all the usual consequences. –raypierre]
Eric, to appear credulous belies a claim to be skeptical — to be a skeptic, check your beliefs and what people tell you against real science. I put words from your statement of belief into Google here, as a quick first check. You can look this stuff up and sort out sense from nonsense. Read a few dozen articles by scientists rather than just believing what the PR sites try to fool you with. Try it:
http://www.google.com/search?q=ice+core+resolution
http://www.waisdivide.unh.edu/
My apple trees are blooming two weeks early. Seasonal relationships between agriculturally important plants, animals, bugs and birds rare changing. Anyone that does not accept the fact of climate change should go talk to the nearest farmer. Anyone that still does not believe should go talk to the nearest apple tree. As my Mother says,â?? You can not argue with an apple tree.â?? You want proof of global warming? Look at your motherâ??s and grandmotherâ??s diary on when the apple trees bloomed.
Re #90 – There is not known current or intended projects for Methane Clathrates to be used for energy production as far as I understand it at the present time and I will give Humanity some credit for not using it without coming up with a means of sequestering the methane first of all as it would be climate suicide to even consider it otherwise, surely?
In this graph (http://europe.theoildrum.com/uploads/465/cv_hansen_fig8.png) James Hansen has Oil and Gas not peaking until around 2030 but that is the best case scenario and 2010 to 2015 is more likely and hence to a degree Climate Scientists and the IPCC are making up extreme case scenarios in order to show us that 550 ppmv is likely with a BAU scenario when it is extremely unlikely that it will ever happen because I doubt that coal can scale to replace Oil and Gas when they both Peak because of what Oil is used for (mainly transport, coal cannot scale to replace that) and having to replace central heating units for electricity in some way (Gas) is not possible.
Who is going to replace millions of Gas Central heating systems around the western world and a lot of people use Oil to. Sure Coal and replace Gas for electricty generation to some extent but that is going to be solars, PV, Wind, and Wave/tidal and geothermals job is it not. To start building a lot more coal fired power stations without sequestration will be politically impossible, well unless we are freezing to death that it.
Re 106, there is not evidence for this scenario and hence it may be a warry but a distant one. The obcious issue is the breakdown of natural systems ability to absorb CO2 such as the forests and the oceans etc but scenarios that take this into account see it as a gradual (linear) decline and not a sudden (non linear) one.
From the SPM: “The carbon dioxide radiative forcing increased by 20% from 1995 to 2005, the largest change for any decade in at least the last 200 years. {2.3, 6.4}”
Does anyone know how that is possible if CO2 concentration only increased about 5%?
The SPM states that the increase in CO2 leads to a 1.66 W/m2 increase in forcing. I know that doubled CO2 (4 W/m2) has about a 0.8 degree C direct contribution to temperature (along with .7 to 3.7 degrees feedback), so 1.66 W/2 would be about 0.3 degree C, with 0.3 to 1.4 degree additional feedback expected. We’ve seen 0.8 degrees of warming, and expect 0.6 degrees more, which falls within that range.
Does that answer your question?
________________________________
*laughs* Are you telling me that the earth adds to the 0.3 C in some sort of a positive “Feedback” process, to bring it up to your pre-determined number of 0.8 C? God forgive my cursing. Increased heat (wattage per square meter) evaporates more water, which creates more clouds, which increases albedo, if there is a feedback it is a NEGATIVE feedback, not a POSITIVE feedback! Good Lord.
[Response: Water vapor is unquestionably a positive feedback. It is possible for low clouds to dissipate on warming, owing to changes in the boundary layer — you can mix in more dry air from aloft. In cases where this happens, low clouds provide a positive feedback. High clouds can be either a positive or a negative feedback, depending on the balance between cloud albedo effect and cloud greenhouse effect, –raypierre]
Pete, look a little harder: there are clathrate projects being designed now. Look up “pingo” and “Svalbard” for examples. While the geology journals are still debating whether pingos are caused by freezing water or by methane hydrates, the energy journals have funded work to determine that the gas bubbling out is indeed methane.
http://www.hydratech.bham.ac.uk/
This is like the early oil days, when they had gushers — self-pumping oil, the cheapest possible way to get the fossil fuel: (1) poke a hole in the deposit, (2) fuel rushes out, (3) Profit!!
And if it doesn’t come out on its own, inject steam:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/w2056867184581h3/
“… this paper proposes combining the process of steam reforming, which is commercialized worldwide, with use of untouched natural gas hydrate (NGH) resources. Gas hydrate deposits, which are distributed worldwide, hold great amounts of methane gas and have hardly been touched. This paper presents the economic parameters of NGH development and discusses the concept …”
Many thanks for the help on #96, and for today’s renewed demonstration of just what a valuable resource this place is.
At the risk of being dense, let me rephrase my question to make sure that, in essence, this answer about commitment works both ways Would it be accurate to write: “If world leaders had heeded the early warnings and by 2000 done the work to keep ghg emissions from growing any higher, we would now be expecting decadal increases of ,1 Celsius instead of ,2”
I’ve never seen the #s arranged in quite this way before, which is why it’s intriguing me
thanks–bill
[Response: Thanks again for the comment Bill. The issue can (and indeed has) been framed in this way. This graphic from IPCC (1996), admittedly a bit out of date, shows the equilibrium temperature changes resulting from various CO2 stabilization scenarios. If we had been able to initialize those scenarios, say, 20 years earlier, then the “branch” point where the various curves spread out, would have been moved to the left 20 years, and thus down to a concentration of about 335 ppm. This would have made it much easier to follow a scenario that e.g. achieves stabilization at, say, below 450 ppm, thus avoiding breaching the 2C warming (relative to pre-industrial) threshold. That is now quite tough. And every 10 years we wait, it gets that much tougher. -mike]
[Response: As Steve Pacala says, this is a problem with a very high procrastination penalty. We’ve already incurred a lot of the penalty, and every additional day delayed adds to the debt. Steve illustrates this to his Princeton students by adding one page to the term paper requirement for every beyond the due date it is turned in. –raypierre]
> the breakdown of natural systems ability to absorb CO2 such as the forests and the oceans etc
> but scenarios that take this into account see it as a gradual (linear) decline and not a
> sudden (non linear) one.
averaged worldwide, maybe, but I’d like to see your source for that.
Things like spruce budworm aren’t gradual, and nature works rather suddenly on a species basis sometimes. Losing much of the Northern forests due to warming-insect-fire can happen very quickly.
The more ‘work’ the forest has already done exporting wood to market and topsoil to the ocean, the quicker those events happen the next time.
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/fs/1989/00000035/00000004/art00008
So it probably depends on what’s in your own back yard or watershed, whether you see this kind of thing as sudden.
Sometimes the perspective from the top of Mauna Loa (“well mixed” average) is too reassuring, I suspect.
It is interesting that we still seem to have “skeptics” grasping at straws–questioning ice-core resolution, looking for the tiniest inconsistencies. They seem to have no understanding of the science and the overwhelming evidence for anthropogenic causation–thinking that if they find any tiny issue, the whole problem will go away.
The real argument now is over what to do, and the scientific community has been remiss in providing credible guidance here. The science shows Kyoto will barely slow climate change, even if fully implemented. Indeed, if the so-called skeptics truly wanted to argue for doing nothing, they could mount a credible argument that we can’t stop using the IPCC’s own reports.
I believe this is the next battle front–which strategy has the greater benefit: do nothing and react to changes as they occur or try to slow warming–and risk slowing the economy–so we have more time to adapt to the inevitable warming that will occur.
Anyone still attacking the science is a straggler left behind on the last battlefield.
Re no.115.
There is in existance a technology which may be able to relace gas (and other fossil fuels) for central heating. The device is called a heat pump. This acts like a refrigerator in reverse and draws heat from the ground and boosts it. It uses electricity to drive it, but requires no fuel itself. In Sweeden most new buildings have them.
re 79.
Wayne, could you make a questimate of the amount of area and volume associated with the chunk of land that’s now about 160 meters above sea level?
Pat, its differing from Arctic region to region, 1 or 2 cm a year should be good for the entire North American High Arctic, don’t know about Siberia or European Arctic, suspect it may be less.. But the larger question is what does AGW do to rebound? Given that Glaciers are melting everywhere, and that the sea and ground is slowly warming up… I don’t know, suspect that rebound rate may be very slightly stronger, U. of Washington may have some answers.
One conlcusion in the SPM that intrigued me was the projection that major storm tracks would migrate polweward during the 21st century. I have not seen many papers that have addressed this issue and I was surprised that it rose to the level of inclusion in the SPM. Could comment on how robust you think this particular projection is, particularly as it might apply to the mid-Atlantic and northeastern US? And, how widely held do you think this view is in the field of storm tracking?
[Response: I’m glad you brought this up. When I said a few comments back that there were no major overall breakthroughs in AR4, I did not mean to imply that there hadn’t been places where there had been substantial and profound advances in individual bits of the science. The growing understanding of storm track shifts is one of these areas. The storm track shift is a very robust feature, going from cold ice-age climates through to warm Cretaceous climates. Some aspects can be reproduced in simplified theories though most of that isn’t in press yet. The AR4 full report will no doubt provide a full literature summary on the subject, but meanwhile you can take a look at the paper by Fu et al for an observational perspective (see Enhanced Mid-Latitude Tropospheric Warming in Satellite Measurements Qiang Fu, Celeste M. Johanson, John M. Wallace, and Thomas Reichler Science 26 May 2006 312: 1179 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125566]) What they directly observe are temperature gradients, but those are closely connected to both jet streams and storm tracks. I’ll eventually be doing a post on this issue. One of the many on the back burner…. –raypierre]
I am surprised that in the SPM none of the historical sea-level rise is attributed to the net transfer of groundwater to the oceans due to overdrafting. I think that there are credible estimates on the order of 200 cubic kilometers per year of cumulative net groundwater depletion in recent decades. The problem with these estimates has been in the lack of good quality long-term data. I would imagine the estimates of net glacier and ice sheet mass losses have their own uncertainties, but they don’t seem to have faced quite the level of skepticism that groundwater depletion has. I don’t think that water storage in impoundments on the other side of the ledger can offset this large transfer (I believe the TAR made this argument).
It may depend on whether the storm tracks are over water? One of a few articles I found:
“We explore this issue by systematically studying the response of atmospheric heat transpor in a GCM to a very broad range of global mean temperatures and meridional gradients. We find that heat transport increases with global mean temperature when the latter is less than about 15C; above this value, heat transport saturates, becoming insensitive to surface temperature. … as temperature increases the storm-tracks as a whole migrate poleward over cooler waters, and thus do not experience the full global-mean surface temperature increase. …”
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.A13C..01C
#126 Papers are helpful , but recent reality , much better. A North Atlantic Cyclone brought a thunderstorm with Rain showers in the Arctic, last year in February, with huge temperature differences from the norm from the surface and within the Upper Air. Thundershowers in February over South Central Baffin Island above the Arctic circle (approx. 65 degrees North) , totally unheard of, from a system very much Polewards. At the time I congratulated the GCM model guys who wrote a paper on this before it happened, models sometimes are amazing.
Thanks Hank (113) and re: 122. It’s not the question that matters, but the answers. The answer to my question is to show how natural processes cannot produce a spike like the one we are currently seeing. It’s a hard point to prove since there are many possibilities: geological and ocean being the biggest. Looking again my links and Hanks (e.g. http://www.waisdivide.unh.edu/Reference/Download.pm/61/Document.) I see 40,000 years per cm at 144,000 years. Considering that slice thickness is portions of a mm, it’s a huge span of time for each measurement. So stating that CO2 is the highest in 650,000 years based on ice cores is not realistic, there has to be other analysis included because a hundred or couple hundred year blip would be invisible.
[Response: You also need to bring in what’s known about the lifetime of CO2 in the atmosphere, which imposes a kind of time scale on the problem. Given that it takes about 1000 years for the first 80% of the carbon dioxide to disappear into the ocean, and 10,000 to 100,000 years for the rest to go away, it would be hard to make a century-scale rise like we are making without it being reflected in the record. Anyway, I’m not entirely sure what point you’re trying to make. One doesn’t need the ice core record to prove that the current CO2 rise is anthropogenic. There are more direct ways of doing that and nobody (not even most of the skeptics) disputes the attribution of recent CO2 increase. Our current CO2 rise will elevate the CO2 for centuries, so even if there were some way of making a very short transient spike in the earlier Pleistocene that didn’t show up in the records, the point would remain that we haven’t seen a sustained period of elevated CO2 of the sort we are now making –raypierre]
I have a couple of questions if someone would be so kind
1. What is the Special Report on Emission Scenarios and where can I find the examples?
2. What is the significance of this line?
“The SRES scenarios do not include additional climate initiatives, which means that no scenarios are included that
explicitly assume implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change or the emissions
targets of the Kyoto Protocol.”
3.”Anthropogenic contributions to aerosols (primarily sulphate, organic carbon, black carbon, nitrate and dust)
together produce a cooling effect, with a total direct radiative forcing of -0.5 [-0.9 to -0.1] W m-2 and an
indirect cloud albedo forcing of -0.7 [-1.8 to -0.3] W m-2. These forcings are now better understood than at
the time of the TAR due to improved in situ, satellite and ground-based measurements and more
comprehensive modelling, but remain the dominant uncertainty in radiative forcing. Aerosols also influence
cloud lifetime and precipitation. {2.4, 2.9, 7.5″
Does this have consequences for clean air initiatives?
Re #52, #54, et al, on suiting the science to the policy summary: My guess is that you’ve never been involved in putting together a very, very large report before that’s being written by many different people (credited and uncredited) and read by people with wildly different backgrounds. I’m currently working as co-author on a report on the oil industry for the AGs of five northeastern states. Our process involves research, drafting, and comments from our consulting firm, academics, and staff in the AG’s office. We’ve spent months researching, writing, re-writing, correcting, etc., the body of the report, which will be a few hundred pages. We know that for whoever reads any of this report, the vast majority will only read the executive summary. So now that we are in the final stages, we’ve had extensive discussions about the exec. summary, to make sure we got the language describing our conclusions exactly right. Having done that, we are now going back through the body of the report and correcting the text to match the summary.
Your mistake is in thinking that because we are changing the body of the report, we are altering the research to suit the summary for policy makers, or some other non-scientific purpose. The summary is the extension of the report. It’s when everyone sits down and thinks very carefully about what the report does and does not say. It is wholly based on the research in the body of the report. When we’ve finally fixed (as in “set in stone”, not “corrected”) the language in the summary, then we change the body of the text–not because the research in the body was wrong, but because the body (due to sheer size) was not vetted as carefully as the summary. The language that gets changed in the body is not changing the science; it’s changing the descriptions of the science in a draft that has been edited, re-edited, re-edited, and re-edited to make sure the conclusions in the text are every bit as precise as the carefully considered summary.
Re. #83: I really wish the Dept. of Energy hadn’t published that $29B figure, when so much of it seems to consist of tax credits and re-labeled energy technology investments. Since the 1990’s NASA spending on Earth Science research and technology, including satellite construction and operations, has declined by about 25% when adjusted for inflation. (See the pre-publication draft of the latest Decadal Survey from the National Academy of Sciences, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11820.html).
Disclaimers: I do have a vested interest in this, in the sense that NASA budgets affect whether projects I think are important can go forward. That said, even with the declining budgets I still have plenty of interesting work to do and have little personal financial interest in which projects get selected or dropped. Opinions/comments here are my own and in no way represent official NASA policy, etc.
Back to science and the 4th assessment: I was struck by some references to carbon cycle feedbacks.
P. 10 “The new assessment of the likely ranges now relies on a larger number of climate models of increasing complexity and realism, as well as new information regarding the nature of feedbacks from the carbon cycle and constraints on climate response from observations.”
P. 11 “Warming tends to reduce land and ocean uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide, increasing the fraction of anthropogenic emissions that remains in the atmosphere. For the A2 scenario, for example, the climate carbon cycle feedback increases the corresponding global average warming at 2100 by more than 1°C.”
BUT (same page) “The sea level projections do not include uncertainties in carbon-cycle feedbacks, because a basis in published literature is lacking.” and “Models used to date do not include uncertainties in climate-carbon cycle feedback nor do they include the full effects of changes in ice sheet flow, because a basis in published literature is lacking.”
Then on page 12: “Climate-carbon cycle coupling is expected to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as the climate system warms, but the magnitude of this feedback is uncertain. This increases the uncertainty in the trajectory of carbon dioxide emissions required . . .”
Problems like terrestrial carbon-cycle feedbacks are very hard. In ecosystems, genetic information helps sustain far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics and thus ecosystems respond in rather non-physical ways. The information content changes over time and moves around in space. Think of species ranges expanding or contracting and human-assisted biological invasions. (Of course, ecosystem responses are consistent with the laws of physics and chemistry, it’s just the resulting dynamics may not look like those embedded in most physical models.) Yet to represent these responses in coupled ecosystem-atmosphere models we have to come up with simple quasi-physical approximations. That when there’s still a lack of consensus on seemingly basic issues such as the causes of variation in biological diversity. (See Science, 1 July 2005.)
Different subfields of ecology have different definitions of “plant functional type” emphasizing different features of morphology, life history, competitive ability for different resources, and so on. No wonder the leading ecological models that could simulate multi-annual to multi-decadal feedbacks use different numbers and lists of plant functional types and parameterize their responses differently. Plus that humans tend to have this fondness for promoting some functional types, such as large-seeded palatable grasses and flowering shrubs, and removing others, such as large slow-growing trees with strong wood.
I wonder about the assessment’s conclusion that precipitation decreases are likely in subtropical regions (p. 12). That seems more like a statement informed by opinion, perhaps implicit in the models, about which feedbacks and scales will dominate (synoptic circulation changes, mesoscale precipitation feedbacks, changes in leaf-level water use efficiency, plant population dynamics, changes in human land-use patterns, ???). There’s a lot of work to do here on understanding which of various measured or experimentally demonstrated effects are most likely to be important at the relevant time scales, especially when changing information content gets factored in. Funds to do that work are becoming more scarce.
Also we badly need global observations of on-going changes in ecosystem composition. To be (un)fair with respect to satellite observations of ecosystems, there have been a lot of smart people trying to teach pigs to sing. The existing global data sets barely go beyond saying: green/not green. For example, for woodlands with average tree covers estimated at 40 to 60% a state-of-the-art “global continuous fields” estimate of tree cover has an uncertainty almost as large as the estimated values. While algorithms using satellite data have advanced, the information content of satellite images made with a few broad spectral bands is no greater than when those few bands were selected 2 decades ago. That’s where we’ll be until some government collects or buys much more information-rich satellite data, globally, and makes those data widely available.
Is this true?
1. All previous natural (non-manmade) warmings or coolings took place veeeeeeeeeeryyyyy slowly, over thousands or millions of years not within a couple decades like this.
2. That the ice cores show that it is 650,000 years since Co2 has been this high.
3. That there are also natural causes to raise Co2, and they caused warming too, but because it was over thousands of years, it caused only gradual extinctions. And they could cause non manmade warming also in the future, over thousands of years, with gradual extinctions resulting.
But the speed of the current manmade Co2 rise is unprecedented.
The fact that there have been gradual warmings/coolings natually in prehistory is not an argument for allowing a rapid Co2 rise now.
4. That IPPC scientists wanted it to say 99% as all agree AGW is happening, and that it was their government minders in the US that wanted it pulled back to 90%. A battle between scientists and governments.
5. Bring up the Waxman hearing in this context: the Bush administration censoring of government scientists to downplay global warming.
This is my Laymans guide to the IPPC Report!
Feel free to correct me, scientists…
Considering the general acceptance of the urgency of dealing with man made global warming, will the next IPCC reports then be prepared more frequently ?
Five years is a long time, when we are talking about a point of no return within possibly 10 years time !
To Scott:
Are these guys like Bodman political appointees?
If we science-sympathetic laymen in the evidence-based community can get a science sympathetic president elected, can we get rid of all the deadwood preventing action? Or do bureaucrats remain festering long after the administration that selected them is gone?
re yr ….our beloved Energy Secretary Sam Bodman, who has been rather busy before the cameras helping the Bush administration take credit for the advances of climate science during the past 5 years….
I diary at dailykos on global warming from an activist- laymans POV: how to elect AGW problem-solvers,and remove the obstacles.
http://www.dailykos.com/user/dotcommodity
I worry about our chances of reversing action without a clean sweep.
Re #92: Llewelly, I think those 2006 CO2 numbers aren’t complete. See this article.
Is lifetime of CO2 the same as or related to residence time? According to this: http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/displaypagedoc.asp?id=13539 the residence time is about 3 years. Maybe a better way to look at it is the impulse response function, a simple one is here: http://unfccc.int/resource/brazil/carbon.html The chart shows the carbon dropping to about 1/3 within 100 years. A naturally occuring impulse might be impossible, but would not show up in the ice core samples.
Re 132:
>…mistake is in thinking that because we are changing the body of the report, we are altering the research to suit the summary for policy makers…
You may be right that it is easier to write a large report the way you say, but if the objective is to get skeptics to believe it, being transparent about how the summary is supported by the science is essential.
Re. 134
Susan, before saying what I think of your Report, I’d like to tell you that I have a science background in hydrologic modeling. Many scientists have background in meteorology or atmospheric science but little or no background in hydrology. Climate is more than atmosphere and weather of course. Hydrology of snow and ice is a big part of what climate science should be.
My specific background (30 years) was in hydrologic modeling and flood prediction with NOAA’s National Weather Service. I focused on snowmelt and ice hydrology. My background included observations of hydrologic climate change in the Upper Midwest, western Great Lakes and northern Great Plains. My study and research on climate change and hydrologic change was done mainly on my personal time. I was not allowed to talk about climate and hydrologic climate change while at work for NWS North Central River Forecast Center in Chanhassen, MN.
I agree with all but one of your points. The one I disagree with pertains to extinctions. Based on what I’ve studied, there were two extinctions involving or caused by global warming which were probably not gradual. The extinctions at around the end of the Permian (about 240 or 250 million years ago) and the marine extinctions which occurred at the Paleocene Eocene boundary (55 million years ago). I could give you references on those if needed.
[[Do we have some sort of numerical representation for the greenhouse effect? In other words, a measurement of total solar energy which reaches the surface, and what percent is direct sunlight versus what percent is the greenhouse effect. Do we have such a number, and have we tracked changes in it (and for how long?]]
Yes. A good summary can be found here:
http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/trenberth.papers/KiehlTrenbBAMS97.pdf
[[IMHO I don’t think it is realistic to assume 60 to 80% alt energy is achievable without nuclear.]]
Sure it is. It won’t happen today, but it will happen soon if we make a concerted national effort.
[[A quick question for the RC crew or any other scientist re Polar cap changes. ‘Are there any studies about the possibility of a orbital shift for the planet with the change in mass from ice to water?”. I note a recent private published book by Prof Lance Endersby who suggests that such orbital shifts may have been induced by glacial change in the past. A suddent orbital shift would be more than catastrophic it would suggest a major extinction event. Any responses would be appreciated ]]
Compare the mass of the cryosphere to the mass of the Earth. Then compare the mass of the Earth to the mass of the Sun. Do the math. If you want the equations, post here again and let me know. The answer is: not very likely.
[[Re #71: in order to claim that CO2 is the highest in 600,000 years you have to show that physically a blip like the current one cannot occur naturally (a difficult thing to prove). The ice cores don’t have the sample length resolution to do that since centuries of CO2 levels get averaged into a single reading. Juxtaposing recent ice cores or other actual measurements doesn’t change that fact. ]]
The burden of proof is on the affirmative. Show us evidence that such an event happened, and we’ll take it into consideration. In the meantime, saying “we don’t have the evidence, therefore it could be there” reminds me of UFO fans.
Pat Neumann. If you agree that the warming occurred extremely slowly, how is that consistent with the rapid extinctions. I am not saying it is not consistent, I just want to understand how these two phenomena jive.
Susan. Assuming your summary was essentially correct, thank you. Ultimately, the audience that really matters is the layman public and the politicians.
Unfortunately, I am not sure most people really care about extinctions and assume they can handle a change in temperature of several degrees. Just turn up the air conditioning. In fact, a few years ago, that was one of Bush’s responses to global warming. Just get more air conditioning.
So far, the impact of this new report on the Bush administration is approximately zero. Obviously, all this warming is not considered a big deal when potential job losses are considered more important. This is kind of the reverse precautionary principle. If there is the slightest chance that any policy will impact jobs and GDP, then we must err on the side of destroying most of the planet.
First, I can envision dozens of investments that will support jobs and improve the economic well being of those making the investments. When we have exhausted all those investments which have lowered our costs to heat and electrify our homes and run our automobiles and run our industries and companies, then we can talk about tradeoffs between lower energy use and GDP.
Re 144, with all due respect, lack of evidence does not prove lack of existence! I don’t think it’s simple to show with any degree of certainty a physical proof in either direction. I was objecting to using the ice cores as proof as the report seems to imply.
Re: #86
The effect of the re-distribution of earth’s mass on its orbital changes, is exceedingly tiny. But it’s not zero. Since earth is not a perfect sphere, its gravitational field is not perfectly “spherically symmetrical.” The accumulation/wasting of ice sheets alters the mass distribution, and therefore alters the “dynamical form factor” which describes the 1st-order deviation from perfect spherical symmetry.
The effect appears to be important when computing earth’s orbit on timescales of 40 million years or so. In fact, it’s one of the sources of uncertainty in computing orbital parameters in the very-long-distant past (which is important for relating past climate to earth’s orbital variations), but it is taken into account in the most precise, and longest timescale, calculations.
I am confused by some terminology in the SPM which is “non-standard” as far as statistics goes. The SPM uses the terminology “high confidence” to mean “an 8 out of 10 chance of being correct” whereas statistics (as a field of study) uses the phrase “highly significant” for a 99% confidence level.
The SPM uses the term “very high confidence” to refer to a 9 in 10 chance of being correct whereas statistics uses the phrase “very highly significant” to refer to the 99.9% confidence level.
Other figures are given using a “likely” or “very likely” valuation to mean 66% and 90% probability respectively but there is a footnote indicating some of these figures are based on “expert judgement”. What does that mean and how do we interpret a probability and a confidence interval based on “expert judgement” rather than statistical calculation?
Perhaps this will be clarified in 3 months in the first of the actual science report?
Is it fair to say that all of the fossil fuel reserves will be burnt eventually, and that it’s merely a question of how slowly or quickly we burn them? Seems to me this is a fairly important factor, especially from the point of view of adaptation strategies.
Also, there doesn’t seem to be much account taken of the benefits of emitting activities. Hundreds of millions of people have been dragged out of poverty in India and China in the last 30 years, largely thanks to activities that generate major emissions. What is the economic cost-benefit equation for climate change? I would like to see an attempt at estimating the net cost or net benefit of the expolitation of the remainder of fossil fuel reserves at various rates. Where there is a net cost, this would give us an idea of how much we should efficiently spend on emission reduction etc.
Put another way, it would tell us the economically most efficient rate at which to burn the remaining fuel. If the cost of exploiting fossil fuel reserves more slowly is lower than the climate change adaptation costs that are avoided by doing so (among other things), then it’s rational to slow down fossil fuel consumption.
Furthermore, I imagine once all the fuel is burnt we will be faced with an emerging global cooling scenario?
[I am obviously not a climate scientist.]
re: 145.
Tom, my view is that thousands (but not millions) of years is not veeeeeery slow thus I ignored question 1 in #134 in my previous reply. In ignoring question 1, I was thinking of the reference below:
… ‘when global temperatures shot up by 5 degrees Celsius (9 degrees Fahrenheit) at the PETM,’
‘an abrupt shift in the Earth’s climate took place as the result of a massive release of carbon into the atmosphere in the form of two greenhouse gases: methane and carbon dioxide.’
http://npat1.newsvine.com/_news/2007/01/23/533296-ancient-climate-studies-suggest-earth-on-fast-track-to-global-warming