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Climate Science

Quick pre-SPM round-up

1 Feb 2007 by group

Tomorrow is the big day for all IPCC-watchers (and we’ll comment then) but in the meantime here are a few interesting tidbits floating around today.

First off, there are some curious patterns in the whitehouse.gov search engine. It turns out that it has been blocked from returning most results if the search phrase includes “global warming” – even if it’s from the President himself. For instance, searching for “issue of global” gives as top result the President’s Rose Garden speech in June 2001 on Global Climate Change, but searching for “issue of global warming” (which of course is the full phrase used) returns nothing. Hmmm…..

Secondly, Bill Nye (‘the underprepared science guy’) had a rather rough time of it up against Richard Lindzen on Larry King last night – an episode notable only for the regression back to the ‘false balance’ notion that most of the media has been moving away from (sigh…). However, tucked away at the end was a rather confused section, where it appears that Lindzen bet Nye that ice cores don’t have a resolution better than 2000 years. Now this is an odd claim, and an odder thing to bet on, since Greenland cores (GRIP, GISP2) and Antarctic cores (EPICA DML) have sub-annual resolution in many cases for the isotope (temperature) records, and at least decadal resolution (Law Dome, Siple Dome) for the greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4). It’s true that the very longest records (Vostok and Dome-C) have coarser resolution, but surely Lindzen doesn’t think they are the only ones that exist? So, to make up for Nye’s performance, he should at least get a quality bottle of scotch. Bill, let us know if Lindzen pays up!

Finally, there is an excellent article on the sausage making going on in Paris… more on that tomorrow.

Filed Under: Climate Science, RC Forum

House and Senate committee hearings

30 Jan 2007 by group

There are two hearings today from the new congress that are of relevance for RealClimate readers:

The House Oversight Committee is having hearings on the possible suppression of climate change science by the administration (streaming from here). Witnesses include Drew Shindell (NASA GISS), Roger Pielke Jr. and R. Piltz. Update: Full hearing video available at C-SPAN.

The Senate EPW Committee is having an open forum for senators to discuss climate change legislation (streaming from here).

Filed Under: Climate Science, RC Forum

Stern Science La science de SternA ciência de Stern

28 Jan 2007 by group

Halldór Björnsson, William Connolley and Gavin Schmidt

Late last year, the UK Treasury’s Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change was released to rapturous reception from all sides of the UK political spectrum (i.e. left and right). Since then it has been subject to significant criticism and debate (for a good listing see Rabbett Run). Much of that discussion has revolved around the economic (and ethical) issues associated with ‘discounting’ (how you weight welfare in the future against welfare today) – particularly Nordhaus’s review. We are not qualified to address those issues, and so have not previously commented.

However, as exemplified by interviews on a recent Radio 4 program (including with our own William Connolley), some questions have involved the science that underlies the economics. We will try and address those.
Halldór Björnsson, William Connolley and Gavin Schmidt (traduit par Etienne Pesnelle)

A la fin de l’an dernier, le Trésor britannique a publié le rapport Stern sur les conséquences économiques du changement climatique, qui a été reçu avec enthousiasme par l’ensemble de la classe politique du Royaume-Uni, c’est à dire la gauche et la droite Depuis, il a fait l’objet de nombreux débats et critiques (voir la liste qu’a établie Rabbett Run). L’essentiel de la discussion a tourné autour des problèmes économiques (et éthiques) associés à “l’actualisation” (c’est-à-dire comment mesurer le bien-être futur à l’aune du bien-être actuel), ce dont traite notamment Nordhaus . Nous ne sommes pas qualifiés pour discuter de ces points, aussi ne les avons-nous pas commentés précédemment.

Toutefois, comme l’illustrent les interviews données lors d’une émission récente de Radio 4 (dont une avec notre William Connolley), certaines questions ont concerné la science qui sous-tend les calculs économiques. Nous allons essayer de les aborder.
Halldór Björnsson, William Connolley e Gavin Schmidt (traduzido por F. M. Ramos e I. B. T. Lima)

No fim do ano passado, o Tesouro britânico publicou o Relatório Stern sobre as conseqüências econômicas das mudanças climáticas, que foi recebido com entusiasmo pelo conjunto da classe política do Reino Unido, isto é a esquerda e a direita. Depois, ele foi objeto de inúmeros debates e críticas (ver a lista que preparou Rabbett Run). O essencial da discussão realizou-se em torno dos problemas econômicos (e éticos) associados à “atualização” (isto é, como medir o bem-estar futuro em comparação ao bem-estar atual) – particularmente o Relatório Nordhaus. Nós não estamos qualificados para comentar estes assuntos, assim como não comentamos no passado.

No entanto, como ilustram as entrevistas concedidas durante um recente programa de Radio
4
(das quais uma com William Connolley), certas questões diziam respeito à ciência que sustenta os cálculos econômicos. Vamos tentar abordá-las a seguir. Ao contrário de um relatório mais antigo da Câmara dos Lordes, Stern não perde tempo tentando trapacear, e essencialmente busca a ciência no relatório do IPCC, com algumas atualizações de trabalhos mais recentes. A maior parte da ciência está resumida no capítulo um, e um leitor casual familiarizado com o relatório IPCC encontrará poucas surpresas em seções que incluem afirmações como “Uma massa esmagadora de evidências científicas indica que o clima da Terra está mudando rapidamente, predominantemente pelo efeito do crescimento dos gases de efeito estufa causado pelas atividades humanas” etc. Entretanto, as possibilidades científicas em Stern são ponderadas de maneira levemente diferente que nos relatórios do IPCC uma vez que, como ele afirma, “os tomadores de decisão devem levar em conta os riscos extremos, além das previsões médias, por que seria muito grave se estes riscos viessem a se materializar” (Stern reply to Byatt et al).

Há três componentes científicas no relatório Stern: a sensibilidade climática, as emissões futuras dos gases de efeito estufa, e os impactos de uma dada mudança, expressas na forma de anomalia de temperatura global por razões de comodidade.

A sensibilidade climática (já discutida aqui anteriormente) foi considerada como provavelmente estando no intervalo de 1.5 a 4.5 C do IPCC TAR, e no intervalo de 2 a 5 C nos modelos utilizados no relatório Stern. No entanto, a probabilidade de valores maiores tem um papel importante no relatório. Especificamente, Meinshausen* (2006) [estabelece] que há “entre 2% a 20% de probabilidade que o aquecimento possa ser maior que 5 C”. Isto é verdade, mas o relatório esquece de mencionar que outros novos estudos (Annan and Hargreaves; Hegerl et al) sugerem que é insignificante a probabilidade que a sensibilidade climática seja superior a 5 C.

A incerteza sobre o aquecimento futuro não se reduz à incerteza sobre a sensibilidade, mas depende também daquela relacionada aos níveis futuros dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE). Existe uma ampla gama de cenários e de estimativas sobre níveis futuros de GEE que são utilizados nos relatórios do IPCC. O cenário utilizado pelo Relatório Stern é o A2, mas neste cenário, os níveis de GEE na segunda metade do século XXI são superiores àqueles do cenário A1b, por exemplo. A questão não é se o cenário A2 é menos sólido que o A1, mas simplesmente que o Relatório Stern escolheu trabalhar com um dos cenários de “fortes emissões”. Além disso, o relatório reconhece também a grande incerteza (mas não claramente quantificável) de feedbacks positivos nas emissões de CO2 e CH4 de origem natural.

Com relação aos impactos das mudanças climáticas, a estória é semelhante: a maior parte dos impactos são declarados mas sua probabilidade de ocorrência é sujeita à debate. Por exemplo: o enfraquecimento da corrente termohalina sob 1 grau de aquecimento, risco de colapso em 3 graus, risco de derretimento irreversível da calota de gelo da Groenlândia para um aquecimento de 2 graus, a elevação dos mares de 5 a 12 metros durante muitos séculos, – estas eventualidades são questionáveis, e deveriam ser consideradas como “o cenário adverso” dentre os possíveis impactos.

Em conclusão: Stern de um modo geral utiliza bem a ciência do clima, mas desvia-se para o lado das estimativas mais impactantes e as utiliza em seu sumário. Este viés altista faz com que o relatório seja vulnerável a acusações de “alarmismo”. O relatório é justo em apontar que os danos e seus custos crescem de maneira desproporcional com o aumento da mudança de temperatura e portanto, dada esta assimetria, os tomadores de decisão têm razão de levá-los em conta. Entretanto, parece que a maior crítica deste relatório será atribuída (em outros foros) à parte econômica.

NB: De modo previsível, alguns dos “céticos” habituais atacaram igualmente a ciência do relatório Stern. No entanto, uma indicação de sua falta fundamental de seriedade é que, quando há realmente importantes incertezas (por exemplo, a probabilidade de que a sensibilidade seja superior àquela geralmente estimada), eles as ignoram para fazer as mesmas repetitivas, desinteressantes e incorretas afirmações que sempre fazem.

*Meinshausen, M. (2006): ‘What does a 2C target mean for greenhouse gas concentrations? A brief analysis based on multi-gas emission pathways and several climate sensitivity uncertainty estimates’ (“O que significa um alvo de +2°C em termos de concentração de gás de efeito estufa? Uma rápida análise fundamentada em caminhos de emissão multi-gás e várias estimativas de incerteza da sensibilidade climática”), Avoiding dangerous climate change (Evitando uma perigosa mudança climática), in H.J. Schellnhuber et al. (eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 265 a 280.
[Read more…] about Stern Science La science de SternA ciência de Stern

Filed Under: Climate modelling, Climate Science, Extras, IPCC, Reviews

The Human Hand in Climate Change

23 Jan 2007 by mike

Kerry Emanuel (whose influential scientific work we’ve discussed here previously) has written a particularly lucid and poignant popular article on climate change for the literary forum “Boston Review”. The article is entitled Phaeton’s Reins: The human hand in climate change. We thought it worth passing along.

Filed Under: Climate Science, RC Forum

When the mites go up…

22 Jan 2007 by group

Guest Commentary from Andy Baker, U. of Birmingham

It doesn’t seem obvious really. Going underground into caves, removing stalagmites and analysing their isotopic composition isn’t the first thing you would do to look for past climate information. But for nearly 40 years, there has been an active, and growing research community that investigates the climate records preserved in these archives. Stalagmites have recently received high profile use in climate reconstructions, for example records from China and Norway have featured in Moberg’s last millennium temperature reconstruction; in a northern hemisphere temperature reconstruction of the last 500 years and even been debated here on RealClimate. So it seems timely to review why on (or even under) earth should research go underground to look at surface climate.

[Read more…] about When the mites go up…

Filed Under: Climate Science, Paleoclimate

Calling All Science Teachers

15 Jan 2007 by group

“An Inconvenient Truth,” the Davis Guggenheim documentary on global warming starring Al Gore’s presentation on the subject, provides an accurate, engaging, accessible, thought-provoking and (at times) even humorous introduction to one of the most important scientific issues of our time ( see our review of the movie). In some countries, viewing “An Inconvenient Truth” has actually become a required part of the science curriculum, and with good justification, we think. Given that the DVD is currently selling for $19.99 through Amazon.com, you’d think that the National Science Teachers’ Association ( NSTA) would jump at the chance to quickly get 50,000 free copies quickly into the hands of their members. Yet, when Laurie David, one of the producers of the film, made this offer to NSTA last November, it was summarily turned down on the grounds that the NSTA has a 2001 policy against “product endorsement” (as if Laurie David were trying to shop some new deodorant to high school science teachers). What in the world is going on here?

Before continuing with the history of NSTA’s bizarre decision, let us provide you with the most important information: Up to 50,000 US science teachers can receive a free copy of the DVD by filling out a simple request form here . The deadline for requesting your copy is January 18, so if you want a copy, take a few minutes to put in your request right away.
[Read more…] about Calling All Science Teachers

Filed Under: Climate Science

Arctic Sea Ice decline in the 21st CenturyDéclin de la banquise de l’Arctique au 21ème siècle

12 Jan 2007 by group

Guest Commentary by Cecilia Bitz, University of Washington

Last month a paper I co-authored received considerable media attention. Headlines read “Experts warn North Pole will be ‘ice free’ by 2040”, “The Big Melt: Loss of Sea Ice Snowballs“, and “Arctic Clear for Summer Sailing by 2040: Models Predict Rapid Decline of Sea Ice”. The story also reached NPR, BBC, CBC, the Discovery channel, and Fox News, among others. Dr. Marika Holland, the first author of the paper, was inundated with media attention. About a dozen journalists contacted me too. I was impressed by the questions they posed — questions that probably reflect what the public most wants to know. However, after giving lengthy interviews, I would read the resulting article and see my explanations boiled down to a few lines. In this essay, I’d like to explain the science in the paper and give my answers to the most often asked questions.
Cécilia Bitz, Université de Washington (traduit par Valérie Masson-Delmotte)

Ce mois-ci, un article dont j’étais co-auteur a attiré considérablement l’attention des médias. Les unes des journaux titraient : “Les experts tirent la sonnette d’alarme : le Pôle Nord libre de glace d’ici à 2040”; ““Fonte massive : perte de banquise en boule de neige”; et “L’Arctique dégagée pour la navigation d’été d’ici 2040 : les modèles prévoient un déclin rapide de la banquise”. Cette histoire a aussi gagné les chaînes de télévision : NPR, BBC, CBC, Discovery Channel et Fox News, parmi d’autres. Le Dr Marika Holland, premier auteur de cet article, a été submergée par les sollicitations médiatiques. Parmi les douzaines de journalistes qui m’ont également contactée, j’ai été impressionnée par les questions qui m’ont été posées – des questions qui reflètent probablement ce que le grand public veut savoir en priorité. Cependant, après avoir donné de longues interviews, je vois souvent mes explications réduites à quelques lignes dans les articles… Dans cet essai, je voudrais expliquer les résultats scientifiques de notre publication et mes réponses aux questions les plus fréquentes.

(suite…)

[Read more…] about Arctic Sea Ice decline in the 21st CenturyDéclin de la banquise de l’Arctique au 21ème siècle

Filed Under: Arctic and Antarctic, Climate Science

El Nino, Global Warming, and Anomalous U.S. Winter Warmth

8 Jan 2007 by mike

A slovak translation of this piece (by Alexander Ač) can be found here.
Det finns en svensk översättning tillgänglig här.

It has now become all too common. Peculiar weather precipitates immediate blame on global warming by some, and equally immediate pronouncements by others (curiously, quite often the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in recent years) that global warming can’t possibly be to blame. The reality, as we’ve often remarked here before, is that absolute statements of neither sort are scientifically defensible. Meteorological anomalies cannot be purely attributed to deterministic factors, let alone any one specific such factor (e.g. either global warming or a hypothetical long-term climate oscillation).

Lets consider the latest such example. In an odd repeat of last year (the ‘groundhog day’ analogy growing ever more appropriate), we find ourselves well into the meteorological Northern Hemisphere winter (Dec-Feb) with little evidence over large parts of the country (most noteably the eastern and central U.S.) that it ever really began. Unsurprisingly, numerous news stories have popped up asking whether global warming might be to blame. Almost as if on cue, representatives from NOAA’s National Weather Service have been dispatched to tell us that the event e.g. “has absolutely nothing to do with global warming”, but instead is entirely due to the impact of the current El Nino event.

[Update 1/9/07: NOAA coincidentally has announced today that 2006 was officially the warmest year on record for the U.S.]
[Update 2/11/08: It got bumped to second place. ]
[Read more…] about El Nino, Global Warming, and Anomalous U.S. Winter Warmth

Filed Under: Climate Science, El Nino, Hurricanes, Instrumental Record

Consensus as the New Heresy

3 Jan 2007 by group

Gavin Schmidt, Michael Mann, David Archer, Stefan Rahmstorf, William Connolley, and Raymond Bradley

Andy Revkin, who’s one of the best journalists on the climate beat, wrote a curious piece in the NY Times discussing the ‘middle stance’ of the climate debate. It’s nice to see news pieces on climate that aren’t breathless accounts of a new breakthough and that take the time to point out that the vast majority of relevant scientists take climate change extremely seriously. To that extent, the message of this piece was a welcome one. The curious part, however, was the thread running through the piece that this middle ground is only now emerging, and even curiouser, that this middle ground can be characterized as representing some sort of ‘heresy’.

Heresy, is commonly defined as ‘an opinion or doctrine at variance with the official or orthodox position’. So where does this idea come from, and why is it now ’emerging’?
[Read more…] about Consensus as the New Heresy

Filed Under: Climate Science, RC Forum, Reporting on climate

The Physics of Climate Modelling La physique de la modélisation du climat

3 Jan 2007 by Gavin

This is just a pointer to a ‘Quick Study’ guide on The physics of climate modelling that appears in Physics Today this month, and to welcome anyone following through from that magazine. Feel free to post comments or questions about the article here and I’ll try and answer as many as I can.

Cet article est aussi disponible en français.

The main article is also available in Portugeuse.

Filed Under: Climate modelling, Climate Science, RC Forum

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