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Sealevelgate

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Imagine this. In its latest report, the IPCC has predicted up to 3 meters of sea level rise by the end of this century. But “climate sceptics” websites were quick to reveal a few problems (or “tricks”, as they called it).

First, although the temperature scenarios of IPCC project a maximum warming of 6.4 ºC (Table SPM3), the upper limit of sea level rise has been computed assuming a warming of 7.6 ºC. Second, the IPCC chose to compute sea level rise up to the year 2105 rather than 2100 – just to add that extra bit of alarmism. Worse, the IPCC report shows that over the past 40 years, sea level has in fact risen 50% less than predicted by its models – yet these same models are used uncorrected to predict the future! And finally, the future projections assume a massive ice sheet decay which is rather at odds with past ice sheet behaviour.

Some scientists within IPCC warned early that all this could lead to a credibility problem, but the IPCC decided to go ahead anyway.

Now, the blogosphere and their great media amplifiers are up in arms. Heads must roll!
Una traduzione in italiano è disponibile qui.
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A warming pause?

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The blogosphere (and not only that) has been full of the “global warming is taking a break” meme lately. Although we have discussed this topic repeatedly, it is perhaps worthwhile reiterating two key points about the alleged pause here.

(1) This discussion focuses on just a short time period – starting 1998 or later – covering at most 11 years. Even under conditions of anthropogenic global warming (which would contribute a temperature rise of about 0.2 ºC over this period) a flat period or even cooling trend over such a short time span is nothing special and has happened repeatedly before (see 1987-1996). That simply is due to the fact that short-term natural variability has a similar magnitude (i.e. ~0.2 ºC) and can thus compensate for the anthropogenic effects. Of course, the warming trend keeps going up whilst natural variability just oscillates irregularly up and down, so over longer periods the warming trend wins and natural variability cancels out.

(2) It is highly questionable whether this “pause” is even real. It does show up to some extent (no cooling, but reduced 10-year warming trend) in the Hadley Center data, but it does not show in the GISS data, see Figure 1. There, the past ten 10-year trends (i.e. 1990-1999, 1991-2000 and so on) have all been between 0.17 and 0.34 ºC per decade, close to or above the expected anthropogenic trend, with the most recent one (1999-2008) equal to 0.19 ºC per decade – just as predicted by IPCC as response to anthropogenic forcing.

GISS temperature trends

Figure 1. Global temperature according to NASA GISS data since 1980. The red line shows annual data, the larger red square a preliminary value for 2009, based on January-August. The green line shows the 25-year linear trend (0.19 ºC per decade). The blue lines show the two most recent ten-year trends (0.18 ºC per decade for 1998-2007, 0.19 ºC per decade for 1999-2008) and illustrate that these recent decadal trends are entirely consistent with the long-term trend and IPCC predictions. Even the highly “cherry-picked” 11-year period starting with the warm 1998 and ending with the cold 2008 still shows a warming trend of 0.11 ºC per decade (which may surprise some lay people who tend to connect the end points, rather than include all ten data points into a proper trend calculation).

Una traducción en español está disponible aquí.
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Ups and downs of sea level projections

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By Stefan Rahmstorf and Martin Vermeer

The scientific sea level discussion has moved a long way since the last IPCC report was published in 2007 (see our post back then). The Copenhagen Synthesis Report recently concluded that “The updated estimates of the future global mean sea level rise are about double the IPCC projections from 2007″. New Scientist last month ran a nice article on the state of the science, very much in the same vein. But now Mark Siddall, Thomas Stocker and Peter Clark have countered this trend in an article in Nature Geoscience, projecting a global rise of only 7 to 82 cm from 2000 to the end of this century.


Coastal erosion: Like the Dominican Republic, many island nations are particularly vulnerable to sea level rise. (c) S.R.
Coastal erosion: Like the Dominican Republic, many island nations are
particularly vulnerable to sea level rise. (Photo: S.R.)

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A warning from Copenhagen

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In March the biggest climate conference of the year took place in Copenhagen: 2500 participants from 80 countries, 1400 scientific presentations. Last week, the Synthesis Report of the Copenhagen Congress was handed over to the Danish Prime Minister Rasmussen in Brussels. Denmark will host the decisive round of negotiations on the new climate protection agreement this coming December.

The climate congress was organised by a “star alliance” of research universities: Copenhagen, Yale, Berkeley, Oxford, Cambridge, Tokyo, Beijing – to name a few. The Synthesis Report is the most important update of climate science since the 2007 IPCC report.

So what does it say? Our regular readers will hardly be surprised by the key findings from physical climate science, most of which we have already discussed here. Some aspects of climate change are progressing faster than was expected a few years ago – such as rising sea levels, the increase of heat stored in the ocean and the shrinking Arctic sea ice. “The updated estimates of the future global mean sea level rise are about double the IPCC projections from 2007”, says the new report. And it points out that any warming caused will be virtually irreversible for at least a thousand years – because of the long residence time of CO2 in the atmosphere.

Eine Übersetzung in deutsch finden Sie hier.
A Chinese translation is available here.
Una traducción está disponible aquí.

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Sea will rise ‘to levels of last Ice Age’ Il mare raggiungerà “I livelli dell’ultima era glaciale”

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cogee beachThe British tabloid Daily Mirror recently headlined that “Sea will rise ‘to levels of last Ice Age’”. No doubt many of our readers will appreciate just how scary this prospect is: sea level during the last Ice Age was up to 120 meters lower than today. Our favourite swimming beaches – be it Coogee in Sydney or the Darß on the German Baltic coast – would then all be high and dry, and ports like Rotterdam or Tokyo would be far from the sea. Imagine it.

Una traduzione in italiano è disponibile qui.
A chinese translation of this post is available here
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Global Cooling-Wanna Bet? Enfriamiento Global, ¿Quieres apostar?Raffreddamento Globale – scommettiamo?

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By Stefan Rahmstorf, Michael Mann, Ray Bradley, William Connolley, David Archer, and Caspar Ammann
Por Stefan Rahmstorf, Michael Mann, Ray Bradley, William Connolley, David Archer y Caspar Ammann (Traducido por Angela Carosio)

Dieser Beitrag erscheint zeitgleich auf deutsch auf KlimaLounge
Una traduzione in italiano è disponibile qui

Global cooling appears to be the “flavour of the month”. First, a rather misguided media discussion erupted on whether global warming had stopped, based on the observed temperatures of the past 8 years or so (see our post). Now, an entirely new discussion is capturing the imagination, based on a group of scientists from Germany predicting a pause in global warming last week in the journal Nature (Keenlyside et al. 2008).

Specifically, they make two forecasts for global temperature, as discussed in the last paragraphs of their paper and shown in their Figure 4 (see below). The first forecast concerns the time interval 2000-2010, while the second concerns the interval 2005-2015 (*). For these two 10-year averages, the authors make the following prediction:

“… the initialised prediction indicates a slight cooling relative to 1994-2004 conditions”

Their graph shows this: temperatures in the two forecast intervals (green points shown at 2005 and 2010) are almost the same and are both lower than observed in 1994-2004 (the end of the red line in their graph).

Fig. 4 from <em src=Keenlyside et al ’08” align = “left” width=90%/>
Figure 4 from Keenlyside et al ’08

The authors also make regional predictions, but naturally it was this global prediction that captivated most newspaper stories around the world (e.g. BBC News, Reuters, Bloomberg and so on), because of its seeming contradiction with global warming. The authors emphasise this aspect in their own media release, which was titled: Will Global Warming Take a Short Break?

That this cooling would just be a temporary blip and would change nothing about global warming goes without saying and has been amply discussed elsewhere (e.g. here). But another question has been rarely discussed: will this forecast turn out to be correct?

We think not – and we are prepared to bet serious money on this. We have double-checked with the authors: they say they really mean this as a serious forecast, not just as a methodological experiment. If the authors of the paper really believe that their forecast has a greater than 50% chance of being correct, then they should accept our offer of a bet; it should be easy money for them. If they do not accept our bet, then we must question how much faith they really have in their own forecast.

The bet we propose is very simple and concerns the specific global prediction in their Nature article. If the average temperature 2000-2010 (their first forecast) really turns out to be lower or equal to the average temperature 1994-2004 (*), we will pay them € 2500. If it turns out to be warmer, they pay us € 2500. This bet will be decided by the end of 2010. We offer the same for their second forecast: If 2005-2015 (*) turns out to be colder or equal compared to 1994-2004 (*), we will pay them € 2500 – if it turns out to be warmer, they pay us the same. The basis for the temperature comparison will be the HadCRUT3 global mean surface temperature data set used by the authors in their paper.

To be fair, the bet needs an escape clause in case a big volcano erupts or a big meteorite hits the Earth and causes cooling below the 1994-2004 level. In this eventuality, the forecast of Keenlyside et al. could not be verified any more, and the bet is off.

The bet would also need a neutral arbiter – we propose, for example, the director of the Hadley Centre, home of the data used by Keenlyside et al., or a committee of neutral colleagues. This neutral arbiter would also decide whether a volcano or meteorite impact event is large enough as to make the bet obsolete.

We will discuss the scientific reasons for our assessment here another time – first we want to hear from Keenlyside et al. whether they accept our bet. Our friendly challenge is out – we hope they will accept it in good sportsmanship.

(*) We adopt here the definition of the 10-year intervals as in their paper, which is from 1 November of the first year to 31 October of the last year. I.e.: 2000-2010 means 1 November 2000 until 31 October 2010.

Update: We have now published part 2 of this bet with our scientific arguments.

_______________________
Update: Andy Revkin has weighed in at “dot earth”.

Update 5/11/08: so has Anna Barnett at Nature’s ‘climate feedback’ blog

El enfriamiento global parece ser el sabor del mes. Primero, ha brotado una discusión descarriada en los medios de comunicación sobre si el calentamiento global se ha detenido, basándose en las temperaturas observadas en los pasados 8 años (ver nuestro correo aquí). Ahora hay una nueva discusión que está capturando la imaginación, basada en un grupo de científicos alemanes que predijeron una pausa en el calentamiento global la semana pasada en un artículo en la revista Nature (Keenlyside et al. 2008).

En dicho artículo se hacen dos pronósticos de temperaturas globales, y se discuten en los últimos párrafos y se muestran en la Figura 4 (ver abajo). El primer pronóstico se refiere a los años 2000-2010, mientras que el segundo se refiere a los años 2005-2015 (*). Los autores hacen las siguientes predicciones para estos dos intervalos promedio de diez años:

“la predicción inicial indica un leve enfriamiento con respecto a las condiciones en los años 1994-2004”

El gráfico muestra lo siguiente: Las temperaturas en los dos intervalos pronosticados (los puntos verdes muestran 2005 y 2010) son casi iguales y son ambas más bajas que las observadas en 1994-2004, correspondiente al final de la línea roja en el gráfico.

Fig. 4 from <em src=Keenlyside et al ’08” align = “left” width=90%/>
Figura 4 extraída del artículo de Keenlyside et al, 2008

Los autores también hacen pronósticos regionales, pero fue, naturalmente, el pronóstico global el que cautivó la mayoría de las historias en diarios alrededor del mundo (ej.: BBC Noticias http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/01/science/earth/01climate.html?_r=1&>New%20York%20Times,%20¿El Calentamiento Global, se Tomará unas Cortas Vacaciones?

No es siquiera necesario explicar que este enfriamiento es solo un pequeño parpadeo y que no cambiará nada del calentamiento global. El tema ha sido ampliamente discutido en otros sitios (ej. aquí). Pero hay una pregunta que se ha discutido poco: ¿Será correcto el pronóstico?

Nosotros pensamos que no, y estamos dispuestos a apostar una importante suma de dinero por nuestra postura. Hemos verificado dos veces con los autores: ellos insisten en que su artículo es un pronóstico serio y que no se trata de un experimento metodológico. Si los autores realmente piensan que su pronóstico tiene una chance de ser correcta mayor al 50%, entonces deberían aceptar nuestra apuesta; sería una oportunidad de ganar dinero fácil. Si no aceptan nuestra apuesta, deberíamos cuestionar, entonces, cuanta fe realmente tienen en su pronóstico.

La apuesta que proponemos es muy simple y concierne su pronóstico específico en el artículo de la revista Nature. Si la temperatura promedio de 2000-2010 (su primer pronóstico) resulta ser más baja o igual que la temperatura promedio de 1994-2004 (*), les pagaremos € 2500. Si resulta ser más alta, ellos nos pagan € 2500 a nosotros. Esta apuesta será decidida a fines del 2010. Ofrecemos lo mismo para el segundo pronóstico: si la temperatura promedio de 2005-2015(*) resulta ser más baja o igual comparando con la temperatura promedio de 1994-2004(*) les pagaremos € 2500, si resulta ser más alta, ellos nos pagan a nosotros esa cifra. Tomaremos el HADCRUT3, conjunto de datos del promedio de la temperatura de superficie global, como base para comparar las temperaturas, que es la misma base de datos utilizada por los autores en el artículo.

Para ser justos, necesitaríamos una cláusula de salvaguardia, por si un gran volcán hace erupción o si un gran meteorito golpea la tierra y causa un enfriamiento menor al del promedio de 1994-2004. En este caso, el pronóstico de Keenlyside et al. no se podría verificar y por lo tanto la apuesta sería inválida.

La apuesta también tendría que tener un árbitro neutral, proponemos, por ejemplo, el director del Hadley Centre, donde se albergan los datos utilizados por Keenlyside et al., o un comité de colegas neutrales. Dicho árbitro neutral también decidirá si una eventual explosión volcánica o un impacto de meteorito son lo suficientemente grandes para invalidar la apuesta.

Discutiremos pronto las razones científicas de nuestra evaluación, primero queremos ver si Keenlyside et al. acepta nuestra apuesta. Nuestro amigable desafío ha sido propuesto y esperamos que sea aceptado con buen espíritu deportivo.

(*) Adoptamos aquí la misma definición de intervalos de 10 años que en su artículo, que va del 1 de noviembre del primer año al 31 de octubre del último año, ej.:2000-2010 significa 1 de noviembre de 2000 hasta 31 de octubre de 2010.

Actualización: Ya hemos publicado la segunda parte de esta apuesta con nuestros argumentos científicos.

Model-data-comparison, Lesson 2

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In January, we presented Lesson 1 in model-data comparison: if you are comparing noisy data to a model trend, make sure you have enough data for them to show a statistically significant trend. This was in response to a graph by Roger Pielke Jr. presented in the New York Times Tierney Lab Blog that compared observations to IPCC projections over an 8-year period. We showed that this period is too short for a meaningful trend comparison.

This week, the story has taken a curious new twist. In a letter published in Nature Geoscience, Pielke presents such a comparison for a longer period, 1990-2007 (see Figure). Lesson 1 learned – 17 years is sufficient. In fact, the very first figure of last year’s IPCC report presents almost the same comparison (see second Figure).
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Curve manipulation: lesson 2

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Two weeks ago, we published the first lesson in curve manipulation taught by German school teacher and would-be scientist E.G. Beck: How to make it appear as if the Medieval times were warmer than today, even if all scientific studies come to the opposite conclusion. Today we publish curve manipulation, lesson 2: How to make it appear as if 20th Century warming fits into a 1500-year cycle. This gem is again brought to us by E.G. Beck. In a recent article (in German), he published the following graph:

Notice how temperature goes up and down in beautifully regular cycles since 800 B.C.? At the bottom, they are labelled “Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles” – this refers to the Dansgaard-Oeschger events found in Greenland ice cores during the last Ice Age (but not during the last 10,000 years), about which there is a serious scientific discussion whether they are paced by a 1500-year cycle (see my paper in GRL). Beck’s curve shows a warm phase 400 BC and the next one 1200 AD – that’s 1600 years difference, so it just about fits. (I’m not endorsing his curve, by the way, I have no idea where it comes from – I’m just playing along with it for the sake of the argument). So the next warm phase should be in the year – oooops… 2700 or 2800? Hang on, how come it looks like the current warmth fits so nicely into the cycle? Shouldn’t we be right in the coldest phase? Now I see it… two little lines across the x-axis indicate that the axis has been broken there – tick-marks after the break are in 200-year intervals and before the break in 400-year intervals, and there’s also a gap of 200 missing years there. So that’s how we make the current global warming fit past climate cycles – it’s so easy!

p.s. Beck appeared on German TV last Monday, after the “Swindle” film was shown, and he is announced to appear on the program “Report München” in the first channel of public German TV next Monday (18 June), to educate the viewers about another of his fantasy graphs, namely his CO2 curve. It promises to be a must-see for friends of the unintentionally farcical.

G8 summit declaration

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We assume that many of our readers will be interested in the declaration of the G8 summit in Heiligendamm (Germany), which was agreed yesterday by the leaders of the G8 countries. We therefore document the key passages on climate change below. As usual we refrain from a political analysis, but as scientists we note that it is rewarding to see that the results of climate science are fully acknowledged by the heads of state.

The declaration states:

CLIMATE CHANGE

48. We take note of and are concerned about the recent UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports. The most recent report concluded both, that global temperatures are rising, that this is caused largely by human activities and, in addition,that for increases in global average temperature, there are projected to be major changes in ecosystem structure and function with predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystems, e.g. water and food supply.

Fighting Climate Change

49. We are therefore committed to taking strong and early action to tackle climate change in order to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Taking into account the scientific knowledge as represented in the recent IPCC reports, global greenhouse gas emissions must stop rising, followed by substantial global emission reductions. In setting a global goal for emissions reductions in the process we have agreed today involving all major emitters, we will consider seriously the decisions made by the European Union, Canada and Japan which include at least a halving of global emissions by 2050. We commit to achieving these goals and invite the major emerging economies to join us in this endeavour.

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